Particulate Matter From Saudi Arabia Induces Genes Involved in Inflammation, Metabolic Syndrome and Atherosclerosis

Abstract

Airborne particulate matter (PM) exposure is a major environmental health concern and is linked to metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes, which are on the rise in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study investigated changes in mouse lung gene expression produced by administration of PM10 collected from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. FVB/N mice were exposed to 100 µg PM10 or water by aspiration and euthanized 24 hr later. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected and analyzed for neutrophil concentration and TNF-α and IL-6 levels. RNA was extracted from the lungs and whole transcript was analyzed using Affymetrix Mouse Gene 1.0 ST Array. Mice exposed to PM10 displayed an increase in neutrophil concentration and elevated TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Gene expression analysis revealed that mice exposed to PM10 displayed 202 genes that were significantly up-regulated and 40 genes that were significantly down-regulated. PM10 induced genes involved in inflammation, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, as well as atherosclerosis. This is the first study to demonstrate that Saudi Arabia PM10 increases in vivo expression of genes located in pathways associated with diseases involving metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis.

Urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Saudi Arabian schoolchildren in relation to sources of exposure

“…Consequently the European Food Safety Authority has made a detailed assessment of human exposure from dietary sources (EFSA, 2008). In addition to the cancer risk, PAH exposure has been linked to the onset of diabetes mellitus (Yang et al 2014;Alshaarawy, et al 2014), metabolic syndrome (Brocato et al 2014;Hu et al 2015), and cardiovascular conditions (Xu et al 2010;Feng et al 2014). Since all exposure sources can contribute to the body burden of PAH, quantitative evaluation of exposure pathways is important if health risk is to be minimised.…”

Evaluation of the Effects of Airborne Particulate Matter on Bone Marrow-Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs): Cellular, Molecular and Systems Biological Approaches

“…In contrast to the lower concentrations of PM2.5, higher concentrations of both PM2.5 and PM10 decreased BM-MSCs proliferation. Significant decrease in cell viability was reported with alveolar macrophages tested with urban particles in vitro at 200 µg/ml concentration for 24 h [20]. Similarly, the alveolar epithelial cells exposed to 50 µg/cm 2 of PM2.5 for 24 h decreased the cells in 'S' phase of the cell cycle [34].…”

“…Airborne PMs collected from Jeddah city in Saudi Arabia, contained high levels of Cr, Mn, Sr, Co, As, Pb, Cd, Ni and Va and were implicated in many, allergic, inflammatory, genetic and epigenetic disorders [20,[30][31][32][33]. In the current study, we evaluated the direct effects of these PMs on cellular functions, especially on the stem cells (BM-MSCs), using two different sizes of (PM2.5 and PM10).…”

“…Our results revealed that several cellular morphological changes including cell shrinkage, thinning, and fragmentations (led to cellular death) were induced. An earlier in vitro study tested urban particles on alveolar macrophages reported its reversal to a more immunoreactive phenotype and induction of apoptosis upon incubation for 24 h at 100 µg/mL and 200 µg/mL concentrations respectively [20]. In addition, alveolar epithelial cell line (C10) exposed to higher concentrations (50 µg/cm 2 ) of PM2.5, resulted in increase in the sub G0/G1 phases indicative of both apoptotic and necrotic cell death [34].…”

“…PM with an aerodynamic diameter equal or less than 10 µm size (PM10) can gain easy access to the human body and affect different organ systems [4]. Dermatological (irritations, rashes, pigmentations) [5], ocular (corneal irritation, conjunctivitis) [6], respiratory (cough, allergic rhinitis, chronic obstruction of the airways) [7][8][9], cardiovascular (palpitations, atherosclerosis) [10,11], neurological (cerebrovascular accidents) [12][13][14][15][16], immunological (allergy, inflammation) [17,18], metabolic (diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia) diseases [19,20] and cancers [21,22] are associated with PM.…”