With the continuous development of technologies such as sensors, computers, and artificial intelligence, intelligent mobile robots with thinking, perception, and dynamics functions are widely used in military, political, and scientific research. Its development has had a significant impact on national defense, society, economy, science, and technology and has become a strategic research goal in the high-tech field of various countries. Robot positioning technology is one of the key research technologies for portable robots, and reliable posture is the key prerequisite for completing various tasks. This article aims to study the robot walking route driven by big data and the intelligent determination of real-time positioning based on cloud computing. This paper proposes an active general positioning algorithm based on real-time positioning function, which can improve the convergence speed and robustness of general positioning when different map scenes do not have clear geometric features and contain map noise. The most basic requirement for robots to perform autonomous operations is to have reliable positioning performance. The experimental results in this paper show that dynamic global positioning and adaptive behavior tracking are effective. Compared with the traditional algorithm, the improved algorithm increases the convergence speed of the global layout by 41.59%.