“…By continuously evolving the biological characteristics of its own population from an initial state, an optimal solution can be obtained, such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) [2], genetic algorithm (GA) [3], whale optimization algorithm (WOA) [4], grey wolf optimizer (GWO) [5], salp swarm algorithm (SSA) [6], ant colony optimization (ACO) [7], or shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) [8]. These efficient and robust algorithms have been successfully applied to solve various problems such as complex engineering problems [9][10][11], neural network [12][13][14][15], shortest path optimization [16,17], feature selection [18][19][20], and power scheduling [21].…”