Pathology of Glanders in Horses in Iraq

Glanders

“…3,5,15,33,53 The submandibular lymph nodes can adhere to the skin and mandible and may be hard and knotty. 33,60 Nodule centers may be caseous or undergo calcification. 4,15,33,34 Pulmonary glanders is associated with development of round, firm, grayish, encapsulated nodules throughout the lung tissues.…”

“…5,15,34,35,59 Submucosal nodules in the nasal passages may be necrotic and ulcerated; lesions that have healed will appear as stellate scars. 15,34,60 Severe diffuse pulmonary edema may be evident in all lung lobes. 5,15,33,35 Nodules in an early stage of development are encircled by a reddened border, whereas more developed lesions may have a caseous or calcified center and can be surrounded by white or gray fibrous tissue.…”

“…59 Bloody purulent exudate may fill the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and trachea. 15,34,60 Some skin nodules may be ulcerated or crusted, with matting of the hair where their oily contents were discharged. 34 The mandibular, cervical, and mediastinal lymph nodes are often large and firm; some of these nodes may be congested and fibrotic and may contain abscesses.…”

Glanders in Animals: A Review on Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Countermeasures

“…Nevertheless, the disease is more likely to occur with advancing age. Cool and rainy climate, overcrowding, contact with infected animals are further known risk factors (Zubaidy and Al‐Ani, 1978).…”

“…In pulmonary glanders, lungs may show nodular foci underneath the pleura and diffuse miliary granulomatous nodules with a caseo‐necrotic centre. Oedema of the lobes of the lungs and severe bronchopneumonia is observed in acute glanders (Zubaidy and Al‐Ani, 1978; Arun et al., 1999; Lopez et al., 2003; Al‐Ani and Roberson, 2007). Sero‐sanguineous fluid is found in the paranasal sinuses, trachea and the nasal cavity (Arun et al, 1999; Lopez et al, 2003).…”