Pattern Recognition Receptors

Whitehead, Lauren; Brown, Gordon D.

doi:10.1002/9783527692156.ch8

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 290 publications

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“…Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are special molecules of host cells that are responsible for recognition of viral elements after virus invasion. Most of immune cells express abundant PRRs (72). Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are the specific viral molecules targeted by PRRs.…”

Section: Immune Cell Dysfunction Caused By Fmdv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PRRs are responsible for sensing the invading virus and induce IFNs production. PRRs mainly include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) (72). The RLRs containing retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology 2 (LGP2), the TLRs containing the TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8, and the NLR containing the NOD2 (73), have been reported to participate in the induction of immune responses during FMDV infection (Figure 3).…”

Section: Blocking the Synthesis Of Ifns And Reducing The Expression Of Isgsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virus–Host Interactions in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection

Wang

Yang

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the livestock industry in many countries. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent of FMD that can spread rapidly by direct and indirect transmission. FMDV is internalized into host cell by the interaction between FMDV capsid proteins and cellular receptors. When the virus invades into the cells, the host antiviral system is quickly activated to suppress the replication of the virus and remove the virus. To retain fitness and host adaptation, various viruses have evolved multiple elegant strategies to manipulate host machine and circumvent the host antiviral responses. Therefore, identification of virus-host interactions is critical for understanding the host defense against virus infections and the pathogenesis of the viral infectious diseases. This review elaborates on the virus-host interactions during FMDV infection to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of FMD, and we hope it can provide insights for designing effective vaccines or drugs to prevent and control the spread of FMD and other diseases caused by picornaviruses.

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Section: Immune Cell Dysfunction Caused By Fmdv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Blocking the Synthesis Of Ifns And Reducing The Expression Of Isgsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus–Host Interactions in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection

Wang

Yang

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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“…Subsequently, it transmits the signal through the TLR adaptor myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), which, in turn, activates the transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and IFN-regulatory factor (IRF) 7. Those are key factors for the induction of inflammatory genes such as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1 or IL-6, and type I IFNs [ 67 ]. In the absence of TLR9, other mechanisms are capable to trigger the immune response [ 68 ].…”

Section: At the Intersection Of Dna Damage And Innate Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Damage Response and Immune Defense

Nastasi

Mannarino

D’Incalci

2020

IJMS

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DNA damage is the cause of numerous human pathologies including cancer, premature aging, and chronic inflammatory conditions. The DNA damage response (DDR), in turn, coordinates DNA damage checkpoint activation and promotes the removal of DNA lesions. In recent years, several studies have shown how the DDR and the immune system are tightly connected, revealing an important crosstalk between the two of them. This interesting interplay has opened up new perspectives in clinical studies for immunological diseases as well as for cancer treatment. In this review, we provide an overview, from cellular to molecular pathways, on how DDR and the immune system communicate and share the crucial commitment of maintaining the genomic fitness.

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“…PRRs dictate the initiation of an adequate and effective innate immune response, as well as the activation of the adaptive immune response to infection or inflammation [28]. These PRRs include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeatcontaining receptors (NLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) [29].…”

Section: Pattern Recognition Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most NLRs share common structural characteristics including a C-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, often involved in ligand recognition, a central NOD, and a variable N-terminal effector domain [49]. Based on the type of effector domains that is either a caspase recruitment domain (CARD), a pyrin domain (PYD), or a baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis protein repeat (BIR) domain [50], the NLR family can be categorized structurally into five subsets based on their N-terminal effector domain: NLRA, NLRB, NLRC, NLRP and NLRX [29]. The most well-defined sensors of peptidoglycan are the cytosolic NOD-like receptors (NLRs), NOD1 and NOD2, which are expressed by diverse cell types, including myeloid phagocytes and epithelial cells [51], which recognize specific ligands from various pathogens.…”

Section: Pattern Recognition Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune System Disorders: Hypersensitivity and Autoimmunity

Muñoz‐Carrillo¹,

Castro-García²,

FranciscaChávez-Rubalcaba³

et al. 2018

Immunoregulatory Aspects of Immunotherapy

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The immune response is known as a physiological mechanism to protect the body, providing defense to different systems that compose it and allowing its proper functioning. The ability to keep the organism free from foreign agents depends on the mechanisms of natural resistance or innate immunity, as well as the resistance that can develop over time through adaptive immunity. However, when these defense mechanisms fail, it can trigger injuries and diseases in the tissues, such as hypersensitivity, which is characterized as an excessive and undesirable reaction, produced by the immune system; as well as autoimmunity, which refers to the failure of the mechanisms of immunological tolerance, causing the reaction of the immune system against the body itself.

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Pattern Recognition Receptors

Cited by 3 publications

References 290 publications

Virus–Host Interactions in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection

Virus–Host Interactions in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection

DNA Damage Response and Immune Defense

Immune System Disorders: Hypersensitivity and Autoimmunity

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