Patterns of Rib Growth in the Human Child

Schwend, Richard M.; Schmidt, John A.; Reigrut, Julie L.; Blakemore, Laurel C.; Akbarnia, Behrooz A.

doi:10.1016/j.jspd.2015.01.007

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…To resist bending movements, each rib shaft must be more or less parallel to the muscle forces (Preuschoft, 2004;De Troyer et al 2005). From birth to adolescence, the ribs rotate inferiorly and slope downwards as the outer costal length and the base diameter both increase (Weaver et al 2014;Schwend et al 2015). A complex axial and lateral rib curvature also develops during the first 3 years of life (Bastir et al 2013).…”

Section: Growth and Development Of The Thoraxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While there is a substantial body of literature addressing changes to the growing thorax in children with scoliosis, normative data are surprisingly sparse (Schwend et al ). The most dramatic changes to ribcage geometry occur during the first 2 years of life, with cross‐sectional chest shape transitioning from a round to a more elliptical form.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epiphyseal growth plates exist at both the vertebral and sternal ends of the rib, with comparatively more longitudinal growth taking place at the costochondral junction (Snellman, ). The mid‐thoracic ribs grow the fastest, but growth is relatively consistent among all rib levels despite their shape differences (Schwend et al , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ontogenetic changes to bone microstructure in an archaeologically derived sample of human ribs

2019

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There is considerable variation in the gross morphology and tissue properties among the bones of human infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Using 18 known‐age individuals (nfemale = 8, nmale = 9, nunknown = 1; birth to 21 years old), from a well‐documented cemetery collection, Spitalfields Christ Church, London, UK, this study explores growth‐related changes in cortical and trabecular bone microstructure. Micro‐CT scans of mid‐shaft middle thoracic ribs are used for quantitative analysis. Results are then compared to previously quantified conventional histomorphometry of the same sample. Total area (Tt.Ar), cortical area (Ct.Ar), cortical thickness (Ct.Th), and the major (Maj.Dm) and minor (Min.Dm) diameters of the rib demonstrate positive correlations with age. Pore density (Po.Dn) increases, but age‐related changes to cortical porosity (Ct.Po) appear to be non‐linear. Trabecular thickness (Tb.th) and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) increase with age, whereas trabecular bone pattern factor (Tb.Pf), structural model index (SMI), and connectivity density (Conn.D) decrease with age. Sex‐based differences were not identified for any of the variables included in this study. Some samples display clear evidence of diagenetic alteration without corresponding changes in radiopacity, which compromises the reliability of bone mineral density (BMD) data in the study of past populations. Cortical porosity data are not correlated with two‐dimensional measures of osteon population density (OPD). This suggests that unfilled resorption spaces contribute more significantly to cortical porosity than do the Haversian canals of secondary osteons. Continued research using complementary imaging techniques and a wide array of histological variables will increase our understanding of age‐ and sex‐specific ontogenetic patterns within and among human populations.

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Section: Growth and Development Of The Thoraxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ontogenetic changes to bone microstructure in an archaeologically derived sample of human ribs

2019

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“…М. І. Ситенка НАМН України». На підставі даних про властивості ребер, наведених у роботах R. Schwend, Z. Li [5,6], й анатомічні особливості їхнього функціонального руху [7,8] створено розрахункову геометричну модель у нормі (рис. 1, а-г) та з лійкоподібною деформацією (рис.…”

Section: матеріал і методиunclassified

Mathematical modeling of the chest, its funnel-shaped deformation and thoracoplasty

Kaminska¹,

Degtuar²,

Yaresko³

2021

OTP

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The most common method of treating of the congenital funnel-shaped chest is thoracoplasty method by D. Nuss. During this surgery, a significant mechanical effect is created on the ribs, sternum, spinal column, which act instantly and continuously for a long time and create new biomechanical conditions for the «chest – rib – spine» system. Objective. To construct a functional model of the chest with a spinal column, which takes into account the movements in the costal-vertebral joints, it allows modeling the funnel-shaped deformation in conditions close to the reality, its operative correction, predicting the results and choosing the optimal parameters of thoracoplasty. Methods. Normal and funnel-shaped chest models based on the articular connection of the ribs to the spine were created using SolidWorks. The main calculations were made using the ANSYS program. To estimate the stress-strain state (SSS), stresses are selected by Mises. Results. The created dynamic mathematical model of the chest makes it possible to conduct a reliable analysis of the biomechanical interaction of the plate with the chest, to analyze the stress-strain state of the constructed models in the norm, with and without taking into account the movements in the costal-vertebral joints. In addition, it allows to simulate the operation by D. Nuss and to study the biomechanical changes in conditions close to reality, occurring in the «chest – rib – spine» system, to determine the areas of maximum loads and safety boundaries. Conclusions. The reproduction of articular ribs rotation in the dynamic model changes the picture of the SSS distribution. In the case of modeling the correction of funnel-shaped deformation of the chest by the method by D. Nuss, the largest zone of stress concentration was found on the outer posterior surface of the sixth pair of ribs. The most tense vertebrae were ThV– ThVI, but the maximum values did not exceed the permissible values. In the case of a lower plate conduction, the correction is achieved with better SSS values in the higher elements of the «chest – ribs – spine» system.

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“…1,2 The presence of proportional aesthetics has been associated with heart valves and coronary branching, 3 emergence of the aorta from the left ventricle, 4 ratios of bodily lengths to each other, 5 face modeling, 6 bronchial branching, 7 and childhood costal development. 8 The spiral-like scrolled structure of the inferior nasal concha led us to determine whether or not this region also has the golden ratio. Human nasal cavity is an important component that serves various physiological functions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Golden Ratio in Nasal Conchae for Surgical Anatomy

et al. 2019

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Purpose: The golden ratio is reached by the fractal model of the number sequence which is known as the “Fibonacci series” and has a convergent ratio of approximately 1.618 between 2 consecutive Fibonacci numbers. Golden ratio relationships have been shown in several plants in the nature and several organs and structures in the human body. The conchae, which form an important part of the nasal valve, have a special geometric significant in terms of providing turbulence to the laminar airflow that passes to the nasal cavity. Methods: This study made golden ratio calculations on 34 adults aged 20 to 45 years over computed tomography (CT) images. Totally, 34 volunteers (male, n = 18 and female, n = 16) with no nasal pathologies participated in the study. Using Adobe Photoshop, golden ratio calculations were made by applying the Fibonacci spiral on the images that best showed the conchae and meatuses on the CT images. Results: The intersection points of the spiral that was projected on the inferior and middle nasal concha were determined as S0, S1, S2, S3, and S4. The distances of S0-S1, S1-S2, S2-S3, and S3-S4 were measured. The concha measurements of the women showed significantly similar values to the golden ratio constant of ∼1.618 in the RS3/S4 and LS3/S4 measurements. Conclusion: We found that the S3/S4 region that captured the golden ratio in our study corresponds to the base part of the inferior nasal concha, and its place of spiraling in the nasal cavity is observed to have an important role in creating vortices.

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Patterns of Rib Growth in the Human Child

Abstract: This article is 1 of the first studies of the change in length and shape of normal ribs in an osteology collection of a wide age range of pediatric specimens. The data provide a framework for determining the difference between ribs from normal children and those with scoliosis.

Cited by 14 publications

References 19 publications

Ontogenetic changes to bone microstructure in an archaeologically derived sample of human ribs

Ontogenetic changes to bone microstructure in an archaeologically derived sample of human ribs

Mathematical modeling of the chest, its funnel-shaped deformation and thoracoplasty

Evaluation of the Golden Ratio in Nasal Conchae for Surgical Anatomy

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