Pediatric antiphospholipid syndrome

Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells and nitric oxide modulators attenuate the proinflammatory cytokine pattern in experimental antiphospholipid syndrome in mice

“…To facilitate the diagnosis of aPL, a classification that combines clinical signs and laboratory criteria is used. Three types of aPL have been established: lupus anticoagulant (LA), anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and antibodies to b2 glycoprotein I (ab2GPI) [1][2][3][4]. APS develops as a separate clinical syndrome (primary APS) or as a manifestation of another disease (secondary APS), mainly in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or other diseases with affection of vascular endothelium [2,3].…”

“…In patients with pulmonary complications of APS, intra-alveolar bleeding develops only in 6-10 % of cases. Such bleeding is usually associated with microangiopathic hаemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia [1,3]. In cases of APS many pulmonary complications develop, including embolism and pulmonary infarction, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary microthrombosis, intra-alveolar pulmonary haemorrhage, fibrous alveolitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, postpartum syndrome [1,5,6].…”