Peer Reviewed: Drugs on Money.

Sleeman, Richard; Burton, Fletcher; Carter, Jim; Roberts, Dave; Hulmston, Peter

doi:10.1021/ac002826p

Cited by 42 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Cocaine and methamphetamine were conrmed by CID, similar to the structural conr-mation performed in other DART experiments, 63 the data for which are included in the ESI. † Prior analyses of bank notes have given similar results, 64,65 showing that small amounts of illicit substances can be detected readily with no sample preparation using the EZ-DART. With the success of this sampling, further testing is warranted for the EZ-DART on forensic samples, such as swabs from buildings contaminated by illicit drug manufacture.…”

Section: Species Of Forensic Interestmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…59,64,66 Applications adjusting the DART gas heater temperature have been used to characterize pyrolysis product evolution, 67-69 complex sample differentiation, [70][71][72] and to induce fragmentation of known molecules at higher temperatures (150-400 C). [73][74][75] Additionally, temperature programmed desorption (TPD) has been used in petroleomics studies with success at helping to simplify analysis.…”

Section: Tpd Based Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Easily fabricated ion source for characterizing mixtures of organic compounds by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry

2017

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The increasing use of atmospheric pressure mass spectrometry has led to the development of many ambient ionization sources, for which sampling versatility and low cost are desired features. One such recent ambient ionization method is direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS), which has proven to be well suited to the analysis of native samples of both simple and complex natures. We describe a home-built DART source (EZ-DART) with versatile sampling capabilities, low power requirements, and low assembly cost which can be easily interfaced to mass spectrometers equipped with an atmospheric pressure inlet. The operating temperature range (22-250 C) enables the acquisition of both temperature programmed desorption-based DART mass spectra and the collection of multistep collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra. We present here the validation of the EZ-DART source and a demonstration of its performance in a number of relevant applications. Additionally, we introduce the new DART application of reagent assisted desorption ionization (RADI) for the targeting of specific chemical functionality in complex organic mixtures through a host-guest chemical system.

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Section: Species Of Forensic Interestmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Tpd Based Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Easily fabricated ion source for characterizing mixtures of organic compounds by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry

2017

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“…Banknotes are typically made of a blend or cotton and linen rag. 10,35 Such materials may entrap antibody-particle conjugates. Additionally, banknotes are known to typically possess fluorescent anti-counterfeiting marks or images that may spectrally interfere with a fluorescence based imaging method used for the detection of cocaine.…”

Section: Biological Methods Of Immunodetection Such As Immunohistochementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As banknotes from general circulation are known to contain background levels of cocaine contamination, 10 newly minted notes (obtained directly from the Bank of England) were instead used as a truly negative sample matrix for the initial testing of the method. A clear difference in the intensity of staining was observed between newly minted negative control notes and those which had been spiked with 'street' cocaine over the whole of the note.…”

Section: Application Of the In-gel Immunodetection Methods For The Anamentioning

confidence: 99%

Location-specific immunodetection of cocaine on banknotes

Heide

Cunningham

Hardwick

et al. 2016

Analyst

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A novel in-gel bioanalytical immunodetection method has been developed to determine both the presence and the location of cocaine on the surface of banknotes. The cocaine was 'fixed' to the surface of the banknote via a coating of a polyacrylamide gel matrix.Immunostaining of the immobilised cocaine on the banknote surface was performed using an anti-cocaine primary antibody, either pre-labelled with horse radish peroxidase (HRP) or in conjunction with a HRP-labelled secondary antibody. Visualisation of the location of the cocaine was achieved through chemiluminescence imaging of the banknote following application of a chemiluminescent substrate. The novel method was applied to the detection of cocaine on partial and whole banknote samples obtained from general circulation. Newly minted banknotes, with or without spiked cocaine, were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The results obtained, for the first time, demonstrate the successful location-specific immunostaining of cocaine on banknotes. A preliminary analysis of six UK banknotes, obtained from general circulation, suggests that cocaine can be present at variable locations across the whole of the banknote.

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“…Existe também a possibilidade de polímeros constituintes do papel da nota interagirem quimicamente com as drogas e retê-las. 14,16 Fatores como o tamanho médio dos cristais de cloridrato de cocaína (1,4 µm) e o aspecto de pó em que a droga se apresenta facilitam sua retenção pelas fibras das notas, sendo este aprisionamento mais eficiente que outras formas de apresentação como comprimidos e resinas. 14 Conforme mostrado na literatura, outra fonte possível de contaminação das cédulas são as máquinas de contagem de dinheiro nos terminais eletrônicos que podem contribuir para a contaminação cruzada de cocaína entre as notas; porém a magnitude dos níveis da droga repassados a outras notas é limitada.…”

Section: Contaminação Deunclassified

Cocaine Contamination in Belo Horizonte-MG Paper Currency

Rodrigues¹,

Guedes²,

Augusti³

et al. 2013

Revista Virtual De Química

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Cocaine Contamination in Belo Horizonte-MG Paper CurrencyAbstract: Cocaine is one of the most problematic illicit drugs in Brazil, because of its social impact and toxicological data for users and society in general. One form of this drug is used intranasal, when it is in the form of cocaine hydrochloride and can be sniffed using paper money as an artifact. Thus, our study aimed to examine banknotes of R$ 2.00 (two reais) from Belo Horizonte-MG, in order to determine the percentage of notes with cocaine residues and for knowing the quantitative profile of them. The notes (n = 50) were collected from outlets in downtown of Belo Horizonte and stored in envelopes for the analysis. New notes obtained from the Central Bank were used as blank sample. The notes was extracted with solvents in ultrasound bath. The two extracts were mixed, centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 3 minutes and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector (235 nm). The method was validated, and revealed a linearity between 0.5 and 10 g/mL (10 to 200 g/bill), mean intra and inter precision test of 5.3 % and 7.6 % respectively and average recovery of 98 %. Contaminants commonly present in cocaine street drug like lidocaine, benzocaine, caffeine, acetaminophen and propranolol do not show any peaks at the same retention time of cocaine. After analysis, the banknotes were dried and returned to service without any damage and loss of security features. Of 50 notes analyzed, 43 had cocaine residues. The average concentration of cocaine found in the notes was (148.56 + 230.06) g /bill (RSD = 155 %), and 36 % had levels between 10 and 50 g/bill. Thus, we conclude that the banknotes of R$ 2 reais in the central region of Belo Horizonte, have a high percentage of contamination by cocaine, which may come from direct contamination of the drug in notes or indirectly between notes contaminated and contaminated surfaces.

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Peer Reviewed: Drugs on Money.

Cited by 42 publications

References 14 publications

Easily fabricated ion source for characterizing mixtures of organic compounds by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry

Easily fabricated ion source for characterizing mixtures of organic compounds by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry

Location-specific immunodetection of cocaine on banknotes

Cocaine Contamination in Belo Horizonte-MG Paper Currency

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