Pentoxifylline as a treatment for granuloma annulare

Wong, Gwyneth Natalie; Wee, Edmund; Tam, Mei; Kelly, Robert

doi:10.1111/ajd.13074

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Recent studies of successful and unsuccessful treatments for GA, although limited by size and their observational nature, nevertheless allow us to an opportunity to contemplate GA pathogenesis vis-à-vis treatment. The moderate efficacy of corticosteroids [ 58 , 59 , 81 ] and other anti-inflammatory agents, such as dapsone [ 63 ], methotrexate [ 79 ], pentoxifylline [ 81 ], and sulphasalazine [ 93 ], is consistent with the long-established inflammatory nature of GA. However, not all cases of GA are responsive to global anti-inflammatory therapy, suggesting that the inflammation seen in GA exists along a spectrum: milder and moderate GA can be controlled by topical and intralesional corticosteroids, yet severe cases remain recalcitrant to non-targeted immunosuppression.…”

Section: Does Treatment Recapitulate Pathogenesis?mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Recent studies suggest that pentoxifylline may be a viable therapy for the management of GA in some patients. In a three-patient case series, all patients treated with pentoxifylline witnessed complete clearance of their GA lesions; however, two patients experienced GA flare-ups: one was managed by transiently increasing pentoxifylline dosage and the other was managed with intralesional corticosteroids [ 81 ]. In the 127-patient retrospective study conducted by Visconti et al, of the 27 patients treated with pentoxifylline 400 mg thrice daily, 56% experienced partial remissions and 15% experienced complete resolution [ 60 ].…”

Section: Review Of Management Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Granuloma Annulare: An Updated Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Options

Joshi

Duvic

2021

Am J Clin Dermatol

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Granuloma annulare (GA) is an inflammatory granulomatous skin disease that can be localized (localized GA) or disseminated (generalized GA), with patch, perforating, and subcutaneous subtypes being less common variants of this benign condition. Recently, new research has emerged that further elucidates GA epidemiology and etiopathogenesis; importantly, new therapeutic options for GA have also been described, although there remains a paucity of randomized controlled studies. In this review, we summarize recent updates on GA epidemiology and etiopathogenesis and offer an updated review of the therapeutic options for GA currently reported in the literature. We hope that the current review galvanizes randomized controlled studies that will in turn help lead to the recommendation of evidence-based treatments for GA.

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Section: Does Treatment Recapitulate Pathogenesis?mentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Review Of Management Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Granuloma Annulare: An Updated Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Options

Joshi

Duvic

2021

Am J Clin Dermatol

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“…31 Five additional cases treated with pentoxifylline all had drastic improvement of lesions within 6 months. [28][29][30] Five patients treated with pentoxifylline along with oral vitamin E exhibited improvement in one case with mild to moderate improvement in three patients. About 24% patients in these aforementioned studies had no response to pentoxifylline, demonstrating that pentoxifylline may not work in all patients with GA, though it may be a good option for treatment resistant cases.…”

Section: Granuloma Annularementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A retrospective review of 27 patients treated with pentoxifylline reported improvement in 56% and complete resolution occurred in 15% patients 31 . Five additional cases treated with pentoxifylline all had drastic improvement of lesions within 6 months 28–30 . Five patients treated with pentoxifylline along with oral vitamin E exhibited significant improvement in one case with mild to moderate improvement in three patients.…”

Section: Granulomatousmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pentoxifylline in dermatology

Balazic

Axler

Konisky

et al. 2022

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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Pentoxifylline was initially marketed for use in patients with intermittent claudication due to chronic occlusive arterial disease of the extremities but has since been shown to have several off-label uses. It can be described chemically as 1-(5-oxohexyl)-3, 7-dimethylxanthine, which is a tri-substituted xanthine derivative. 1 Pentoxifylline has a variety of mechanisms of action (Figure 1). In its original purpose, it was used because of its rheological modifying properties, such as increasing the deformability of erythrocytes

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“…The literature describes several case reports and series with remarkable success using pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor typically indicated for claudication-associated peripheral arterial disease [4][5][6][7]. Oral vitamin E has also been noted to effectively treat GGA [8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Granuloma Annulare With Pentoxifylline and Oral Vitamin E: A Case Series

Holland¹,

Holland²,

Miller³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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Granuloma annulare (GA) is a difficult-to-treat granulomatous skin disorder characterized by multiple annular, raised, and erythematous lesions. While numerous therapies have been proposed, there is currently no clear gold standard of treatment.We present a series of five patients with biopsy-proven generalized GA who were treated with pentoxifylline and oral vitamin E. Each patient in this series had at least a one-year history of GA refractory to other treatments. After three months of treatment, four of the five patients demonstrated objective improvement in their lesions through before and after clinical photographs. No patients suffered any adverse events on this treatment regimen.As our series has demonstrated modest benefits in concurrence with previously published studies, we recommend combination therapy with pentoxifylline and vitamin E as a strong contender for first-or second-line treatment for generalized GA. Pentoxifylline and vitamin E are advantageous for their tolerability, cost-effectiveness, minimal drug interactions, and convenience.

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Pentoxifylline as a treatment for granuloma annulare

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

Granuloma Annulare: An Updated Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Options

Granuloma Annulare: An Updated Review of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Options

Pentoxifylline in dermatology

Treatment of Granuloma Annulare With Pentoxifylline and Oral Vitamin E: A Case Series

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