Perceived Threat of Homosexuals in Indonesia: Construct, Measurement, and Correlates

Susana, Tjipto; Mayawati, Elisabeth Haksi; Bernardo, Allan B. I.

doi:10.7454/hubs.asia.1111219

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Intergroup threat is measured by the Perceived Threat of Homosexuals Scale (PTHS) (Tjipto, Mayawati, & Bernardo, 2019). PTHS consists of seven items with two dimensions, namely realistic threats and symbolic threats.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indonesian Students’ Prejudice Against Homosexuals: Religious Fundamentalism and Intergroup Threat as Predictors

2022

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The research aimed to examine and explain the relationship between religious fundamentalism and intergroup threats toward undergraduate students’ prejudice against gays and lesbians. Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, a slogan about tolerance, is supposed to protect and enhance diversity in Indonesia. On the contrary, sexual minority groups, gays and lesbians, often accept stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination from the majority of Indonesian because they are considered against the religious values and morality of Indonesian. The research used a cross-sectional survey design with accidental sampling methods. The research subjects were students aged 18 to 24 years who studied at universities in Surabaya, identified as heterosexuals, and with diverse religious backgrounds (N = 414). The instruments used were the Attitudes Towards Lesbians and Gay Men (ATLG), the Revised Religious Fundamentalism Scale (RFS-12), and the Perceived Threat of Homosexuals (PTHS) Scale. Multiple regression analysis shows that religious fundamentalism and intergroup threat plays a significant role in explaining prejudice against gays and lesbians (R = 0,872; R² = 0,761; F = 654,817; p < 0,001). The role of intergroup threat as a predictor of prejudice against gays and lesbians is higher than religious fundamentalism.Additional analysis shows that academic discipline, contact, empathy, religion, and university characteristics affect students’ prejudice.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indonesian Students’ Prejudice Against Homosexuals: Religious Fundamentalism and Intergroup Threat as Predictors

2022

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“…These can be cognitive reactions such as dehumanization and stereotyping; emotional reactions such as distrust, fear, anger, disgust, or hatred; and defensive behavioral reactions such as discrimination and lying, or offensive ones such as aggression or violence (Gulevich et al, 2018;Stephan et al, 2016). In social contexts where the presence of LGBTQ minorities is considered a real or symbolic threat, their members may face reactions of this nature (Tjipto et al, 2019). This feeling of threat can, in certain cases, generate beliefs in conspiracy theories (Van Prooijen and Van Lange, 2014).…”

Section: Perceived Threat Of Homosexuality and Beliefs In Lgbtq Consp...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To explain these attitudes and behaviors, the literature has paid great attention to the status of homosexuality in fundamentally heteronormative social contexts (Gulevich et al, 2018), including in particular Muslim, Asian and African societies (Flores, 2019). It shows that: (1) This sexual orientation would represent a threat to the survival and values of communities in these societies (Tjipto et al, 2019); and (2) The perception of this threat would be the source of individuals' beliefs in conspiracy theories around the question of gender and sexual orientation (Marchlewska et al, 2019), especially since these theories can be used by these individuals to oppose the adoption of anti-discrimination laws against LGBTQ people (Salvati et al, 2023). If the first reason is relatively well documented in the specialized literature, the fact remains that we know little about conspiracy theories relating to LGBTQ people, which are almost completely excluded from the literature on conspiracy beliefs (Dzuetso Mouafo, 2023;Salvati et al, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Anomic Threat, Beliefs in LGBTQ Conspiracy Theories and Support for Violence Against LGBTQ Minorities in a Highly Heteronormative Context: The Case of Cameroon

Mouafo,

Nzekaih,

Messanga

2023

Current Research in Psychology

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The literature on conspiracy theories reports that they are generated by a feeling of threat and are catalysts for the extremist and violent behavior of which many minority groups are victims, including members of the LGBTQ community. However, the fact that LGBTQ conspiracy theories are poorly documented in the scientific literature does not allow us to know what link they could have with the extremist behavior against LGBTQ people that are reported in many contexts, including sub-Saharan Africa in particular, a region considered one of the most hostile in the world for these people, but which, paradoxically, is of little interest to researchers. This study contributes to filling this gap by proposing that because individuals perceive the threat of LGBTQ people to their communities from the perspective of their values, they are inclined to believe in LGBTQ conspiracy theories that proliferate in their social environment and consequently support violent behaviors against LGBTQ people, with the aim of trying to restore the social fabric perceived as being fractured because of their lifestyle. The research is conducted in the Cameroonian context with a sample of 861 heterosexuals, aged between 17 and 49 years (M = 29.40; SD = 8.15), to whom we administered a set of measures relating to perceived anomic threat, beliefs in LGBTQ conspiracy theories and endorsement of violent behavior towards LGBTQ people. In addition to the main measures, emotional reactions towards LGBTQ minorities (disgust, fear, anger, hate and distrust) were also measured, with instruments presenting acceptable reliability indices. The results provide empirical support for the hypothesis of the study. They report that in the highly heteronormative Cameroonian context, the perception of anomic threat, materialized by the perceived disintegration of the social structure, leads heterosexuals to support violence against LGBTQ people via beliefs in the LGBTQ conspiracy theories.

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“…Indonesia becomes one of the countries that still don't accept homosexual groups, where this country is still having negative outlook in a form of harassment acts and threats against the homosexual groups (Tjipto et al, 2019). In Indonesia, the number of homosexual existences, especially gay, is known by 2019 in a total of 101.994 gays and those 8,75% are positive HIV (Kemenkes, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parenting Style and Resilience among Homosexual in Indonesia

Kurniasari,

Huwae

2024

JLS

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This study aims to determine the relationship of parenting styles and resilience in homosexuals (gay) in Indonesia. The research method used is quantitative with correlational design. A total of 454 homosexuals (gay) in Indonesia are used as participants using incidental sampling techniques. The measurement of this study used the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) scale with fathers’ authoritarian parenting style (α = .868), fathers’ authoritative parenting style (α = .766), fathers’ permissive parenting style (α = .768), mothers’ authoritarian parenting style (α = .868), mothers’ authoritative parenting style (α = .843), mothers’ permissive parenting style (α = .746), and the Resilience Quotient Scale (RQ) (α = .873). Data analysis was conducted using Karl Pearson's product-moment correlation test. The results of this study indicated that there is no relationship between fathers’ authoritarian parenting style and resilience (r = .065 and sig. = .084). Likewise, for the fathers’ authoritative parenting style, it showed no relationship with resilience (r = .003 and the sig. = .472). Similarly, there was no significant relationship found between fathers’ permissive parenting style and resilience (r = -.034 and sig. = .235). The results also revealed that there is no relationship between mothers’ authoritarian parenting style and resilience (r = .008) and sig. = .435). Likewise, no significant relationship was found between mothers’ authoritative parenting style and resilience (r = .005 and sig. = .457). Furthermore, the study found no relationship between mothers’ permissive parenting style and resilience (r = .015 and sig. = .379).

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Perceived Threat of Homosexuals in Indonesia: Construct, Measurement, and Correlates

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

Indonesian Students’ Prejudice Against Homosexuals: Religious Fundamentalism and Intergroup Threat as Predictors

Indonesian Students’ Prejudice Against Homosexuals: Religious Fundamentalism and Intergroup Threat as Predictors

Perceived Anomic Threat, Beliefs in LGBTQ Conspiracy Theories and Support for Violence Against LGBTQ Minorities in a Highly Heteronormative Context: The Case of Cameroon

Parenting Style and Resilience among Homosexual in Indonesia

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