Perception of Constraints and Strength of Motivation: Their Relationship to Recreational Sport Participation in Greece

Carroll, Bob; Alexandris, Konstantinos

doi:10.1080/00222216.1997.11949797

Cited by 154 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Interaction of the three elements must reside in a certain area of balance, because if there were an extreme imbalance, it would weaken the motivational force. The principle of "balance" is in line with the results of the study by Carroll and Alexandris (1997) who examined the interactive relationship between "perception of constraints" with "strength of motivation. "…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 70%

In Search for Anchors The Fundamental Motivational Force in Compensating for Human Vulnerability

Riyono

Himam

Subandi

2012

GADJAH MADA INT. J. BUS.

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The purpose of this study is to develop a new integrative theory of motivation drawn from the existing theories and data. The method used is a combination of meta-ethnography and grounded theory. The second phase of the study employed a thought experiment to test the newly developed theoretical propositions of motivational force. The first phase of the study revealed a central phenomenon for the occurrence of motivational force, i.e. "In Search for Anchors," which is a result of the paradox between freedom to choose and human vulnerability. "Freedom to choose" is the central factor of a motivational model that includes "urge," "challenge," "incentive," and "meaning." These five factors are motivational sources, which have holistic-dynamic-integrative interaction. Human vulnerability is the other side of the motivational model that comprises risk, uncertainty, and hope that ignite motivational force. The dynamic interaction of risk, uncertainty, and hope is represented in a mathematical formula that produces the strength of the force, (R -H)2 x U, which can be potrayed in a "twin-peak" curve. The thought experiment was conducted to test the hypothetical formula. The result shows that the "twinpeak" hypothesis is supported but the shape of the curve is found to be not symmetrical. The data show that hope is the strongest motivational force, therefore the formula is modified into = (R -U)2 x H. The implication of the study and the utility of the new theory are discussed.Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sebuah teori motivasi baru yang integratif, yang disusun berdasarkan teori-teori yang sudah ada dan data-data penelitian yang telah tersedia. Untuk itu diaplikasikan sebuah metode yang merupakan gabungan dari meta-ethnography dan grounded theory. Pada tahap ke dua dari studi ini, dilakukan eksperimen dengan metode thought experiment untuk menguji proposisi teoritis dari teori yang baru dirumuskan mengenai motivational force. Pada tahap pertama, studi ini mengungkap sebuah fenomena sentral untuk terjadinya motivational force, yaitu "In Search for Anchor," yang merupakan sebuah resultan dari sebuah paradoks antara freedom to choose dan human vulnerability. "Freedom to choose" adalah faktor utama dari model motivasi yang mencakup "urge," "challenge," "incentive," dan "meaning." Riyono et al. 230Kelima faktor tersebut adalah merupakan sumber-sumber motivasi, yang memiliki sifat hubungan yang "holistic-dynamic-integrative." Human vulnerability (ketidakberdayaan manusia) adalah sisi lain dari model motivasi tersebut yang terdiri dari risk, uncertainty, dan hope, yang memicu kekuatan motivasional (motivational force). Dinamika interaksi antara risk, uncertainty, dan hope dapat direpresentasikan oleh rumus matematis yang menghasilkan kekuatan motivasional, yaitu: (R -H) 2 x U, yang dapat digambarkan ke dalam kurva yang berpuncak ganda. Thought experiment dilakukan untuk menguji rumus hipotetis tersebut. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa puncak ganda yang dihipotesiskan didukung data, namun ditemuk...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 70%

In Search for Anchors The Fundamental Motivational Force in Compensating for Human Vulnerability

Riyono

Himam

Subandi

2012

GADJAH MADA INT. J. BUS.

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“…On the other hand, Downward et al (2009) reported that married individuals tend to participate more than single ones. However, in contrast, Carroll and Alexandris (1997) reported that married individuals participate in sports less than single ones.…”

Section: Sport Participation and Socio-economic Influencesmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…These factors fit also with the notions of economic capital (financial associations, goods and services), social capital (friends, peers, colleagues, religion, and ethnicity) and cultural capital (education, academic qualifications and long-lasting dispositions of the body and mind, Dagkas & Stathi, 2007); these factors have been discussed in studies with a more social-psychological focus (e.g., Bourdieu, 1984). As will be discussed in the following section, there is empirical evidence from international sport studies that the socio-cultural environment influences both the decision to participate in sport and leisure and the choice of the specific activities (Alexandris & Carroll, 1997, 1998Kemperman & Timmermans, 2008;Van Bottenburg et al, 2005;Downward et al, 2009); b) The Process component of the model is concerned with how consumers make decisions, and includes internal / psychological factors to consumers. Examples of these factors are motivation, perception, learning, personality and attitudes.…”

Section: A Decision-making Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The family life cycle has been used in consumer behavior studies in order to study the consumer patterns of the families belonging to different stages in the cycle, but it has been limited used for the study of sport participation. We selected the two specific groups because previous studies have shown that parents with young children have low sport participation rates in Greece (Alexandris & Carroll 1997;1998). Furthermore, these two groups should be targeted to participate in family sport programs, which have been proposed as a good strategy for promoting recreational sport participation (Shaw & Dawson, 2001).…”

Section: Sport Participation In Greecementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Promoting Sport Participation in Greece: Issues and Challenges

Balaska

Kouthouris²

2014

IJSMaRT

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Due to the absence of national sport participation data in Greece, research and information is still limited. The present paper aimed to report on annual sport participation rates and frequency of sport participation, demographic differences, and constraints on sport participation, among young and middle-aged parents in Greece.Three hundred young and middle-aged parents participated in the study. The results indicated low annual sport participation rates and low frequency of sport participation.Females reported higher sport participation rates than males (without the difference being statistically significant), while sport participation significantly decreased among the less educated and older individuals. Finally, lack of time, facilities / services and lack of partner related constraints had the highest mean scores. The implications of these results for developing sport policy and promoting recreational sports are discussed, with reference at the same time on methodological issues.

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“…However the study of Carroll and Alexandris [8] and the qualitative study of Stodolska [7] asserted that the motivation plays an important role in the hierarchical model of leisure constraint, and strongly proposed that it is needed to investigate the role of the motivation in the constraint and leisure participation [3].…”

Section: International Journal Of Contents Vol6 No2 Jun 2010mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical Leisure Constraints on Leisure Motivation and Participation among Security Agent

Kim¹,

Park²

2010

International Journal of Contents

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Perception of Constraints and Strength of Motivation: Their Relationship to Recreational Sport Participation in Greece

Cited by 154 publications

References 19 publications

In Search for Anchors The Fundamental Motivational Force in Compensating for Human Vulnerability

In Search for Anchors The Fundamental Motivational Force in Compensating for Human Vulnerability

Promoting Sport Participation in Greece: Issues and Challenges

Hierarchical Leisure Constraints on Leisure Motivation and Participation among Security Agent

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