Perceptual Learning, Cognition, and Expertise

Kellman, Philip J.; Massey, Christine

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407237-4.00004-9

Cited by 104 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 91 publications

(127 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, recent work in perception and perceptual learning suggests that perceptual encoding involves the extraction of complex and abstract relations from the environment. As such, ‘perceptual representations’ themselves are considered abstract relational structures, while the actual basic sensory features are fleeting and do not become a part of the accessible output of the encoding process (Kellman & Massey, 2013). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Embodied language comprehension: Encoding-based and goal-driven processes.

Hoedemaker¹,

Gordon²

2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Theories of embodied language comprehension have proposed that language is understood through perceptual simulation of the sensorimotor characteristics of its meaning. Strong support for this claim requires demonstration of encoding-based activation of sensorimotor representations that is distinct from task-related or goal-driven processes. Participants in three eye-tracking experiments were presented with triplets of either numbers or object and animal names. In Experiment 1, participants indicated whether the size of the referent of the middle object or animal name was in between the size of the two outer items. In Experiment 2, the object and animal names were encoded for an immediate recognition memory task. In Experiment 3, participants completed the same comparison task of Experiment 1 for both words and numbers. During the comparison tasks, word and number decision times showed a symbolic distance effect, such that response time was inversely related to the size difference between the items. A symbolic distance effect was also observed for animal and object encoding times in cases where encoding time likely reflected some goal-driven processes as well. When semantic size was irrelevant to the task (Experiment 2), it had no effect on word encoding times. Number encoding times showed a numerical distance priming effect: encoding time increased with numerical difference between items. Together these results suggest that while activation of numerical magnitude representations is encoding-based as well as goal-driven, activation of size information associated with words is goal-driven and does not occur automatically during encoding. This conclusion challenges strong theories of embodied cognition which claim that language comprehension consists of activation of analog sensorimotor representations irrespective of higher level processes related to context or task-specific goals.

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confidence: 99%

Embodied language comprehension: Encoding-based and goal-driven processes.

Hoedemaker¹,

Gordon²

2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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“…Thus, measuring the emotional load involved in reading seems to be an ade- Finally, to objectively determine whether the increase of linguistic complexity of a text rather has negative or positive effects on its understanding, recall tasks and response time measurements are generally used [53] [54]. These two types of measurement are carried out by asking the reader questions about the form and the content of the text and by monitoring the time spent in answering these questions.…”

Section: Off-line Methods: Emotional and Cognitive Load Questionnairementioning

confidence: 99%

Communication Mediated through Natural Language Generation in Big Data Environments: The Case of Nomao

Vayre¹,

Delpech²,

Dufresne³

et al. 2017

JCC

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Along with the development of big data, various Natural Language Generation systems (NLGs) have recently been developed by different companies. The aim of this paper is to propose a better understanding of how these systems are designed and used. We propose to study in details one of them which is the NLGs developed by the company Nomao. First, we show the development of this NLGs underlies strong economic stakes since the business model of Nomao partly depends on it. Then, thanks to an eye movement analysis conducted with 28 participants, we show that the texts generated by Nomao's NLGs contain syntactic and semantic structures that are easy to read but lack socio-semantic coherence which would improve their understanding. From a scientific perspective, our research results highlight the importance of socio-semantic coherence in text-based communication produced by NLGs.

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“…In sum, students’ learning with visuals involves both conceptual and perceptual competencies (Rau, ). While this brief review illustrates that conceptual and perceptual competencies are inter‐related (Goldstone et al., ; Harel, ), we discuss each of them separately to highlight that they are learned via different processes and hence require different assessments (Goldstone et al., ; Kellman & Massey, ; Koedinger et al., ).…”

Section: Prior Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Task Analysis for Implicit Knowledge About Visual Representations With Similarity Learning Methods

Mason

Rau²,

Nowak

2019

Cognitive Science

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Visual representations are prevalent in STEM instruction. To benefit from visuals, students need representational competencies that enable them to see meaningful information. Most research has focused on explicit conceptual representational competencies, but implicit perceptual competencies might also allow students to efficiently see meaningful information in visuals. Most common methods to assess students’ representational competencies rely on verbal explanations or assume explicit attention. However, because perceptual competencies are implicit and not necessarily verbally accessible, these methods are ill‐equipped to assess them. We address these shortcomings with a method that draws on similarity learning, a machine learning technique that detects visual features that account for participants’ responses to triplet comparisons of visuals. In Experiment 1, 614 chemistry students judged the similarity of Lewis structures and in Experiment 2, 489 students judged the similarity of ball‐and‐stick models. Our results showed that our method can detect visual features that drive students’ perception and suggested that students’ conceptual knowledge about molecules informed perceptual competencies through top‐down processes. Furthermore, Experiment 2 tested whether we can improve the efficiency of the method with active sampling. Results showed that random sampling yielded higher accuracy than active sampling for small sample sizes. Together, the experiments provide the first method to assess students’ perceptual competencies implicitly, without requiring verbalization or assuming explicit visual attention. These findings have implications for the design of instructional interventions that help students acquire perceptual representational competencies.

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Perceptual Learning, Cognition, and Expertise

Cited by 104 publications

References 91 publications

Embodied language comprehension: Encoding-based and goal-driven processes.

Embodied language comprehension: Encoding-based and goal-driven processes.

Communication Mediated through Natural Language Generation in Big Data Environments: The Case of Nomao

Cognitive Task Analysis for Implicit Knowledge About Visual Representations With Similarity Learning Methods

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