Percutaneous Penetration of Benzene and Benzene Contained in Solvents Used in the Rubber Industry

Maibach, Howard I.; Anjo, Dennis M.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1981.10667633

Cited by 40 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Similarly, the absorption of benzene from rubber solvent, reported as 0.88% in the present study, is likewise higher than the 0.08 and 0.65% reported by Maibach and Anjo [1981] following single applications of a rubber solvent containing approximately 0.35 % benzene to the Rhesus monkey forearm and palm, respectively.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

“…Therefore, information on the amount of benzene that may be absorbed through the skin of workers is required for accurate assessment of risk. Indeed, the question of how much benzene is absorbed by exposure of the skin to liquid solvents containing benzene is one of the outstanding issues concerning the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) during its deliberations on the development of a permanent standard for benzene [Auchter, 19831. The percutaneous absorption of undiluted benzene has been studied, in vivo, in animals [Maibach and Anjo, 1981;Boman et al, 1982;Franz, 1983;Susten et al, 1984al and in man [Cesaro, 1946;Conca and Maltagliati, 1955;Hanke et al, 1961;Maibach, 1980a,b;Franz, 19831. However, only Maibach and Anjo [1981] have reported on benzene absorption through the skin following the dermal application of a rubber solvent mixture containing trace amounts (0.35%) of benzene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Percutaneous penetration of benzene in hairless mice: An estimate of dermal absorption during tire‐building operations

Susten¹,

Dames²,

Burg³

et al. 1985

American J Industrial Med

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Repeated skin contact with solvents containing as much as 0.5% benzene is common in workers building regular bias passenger tires. To estimate the amount of benzene absorbed through the skin of these workers, a series of in vivo studies was conducted in hairless mice. Percutaneous absorption, following single dermal applications of 14C-benzene contained in rubber solvent at a concentration of 0.5% (v/v), was calculated directly from the sums of radioactivity found in excreta, expired breath, and the carcass. Data from the study, together with observations made during tire-building operations, suggest that a worker could absorb 4-8 mg of benzene daily through the skin. This compares to 14 mg per day via inhalation at the NIOSH recommended standard of 1 ppm. Thus dermal absorption could contribute from 20-40% of the total benzene dose of these workers.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Percutaneous penetration of benzene in hairless mice: An estimate of dermal absorption during tire‐building operations

Susten¹,

Dames²,

Burg³

et al. 1985

American J Industrial Med

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“…Dermal bioavailability studies of soil-bound chemicals such as TCDD indicate that less than 1% of the applied dose in a soil matrix is absorbed through the skin (Poiger and Schlatter, 1980). Even the dermal bioavailability of a pure solvent, such as benzene, not applied in a soil matrix is less than 1% (Maibach and Anjo, 1981). Thus, the 100% absorption assumed for diesel fuel above is clearly an overestimate and is likely to have overestimated risks about 15-fold.…”

Section: Dermal Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Human health‐based soil cleanup guidelines for diesel fuel no. 2

Millner

James

Nye³

1992

Journal of Soil Contamination

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Soil cleanup guidelines were developed for diesel fuel No. 2 that are protective of human health. Guidelines were conservatively based on a residential land use scenario. This scenario estimates human health risks associated with long-term exposure to site soil via the inhalation, dermal, and ingestion routes of exposure. Lifetime dermal cancer studies were selected as the basis for deriving a safe level of diesel fuel in soil. Soil cleanup guidelines for diesel fuel No. 2 ranged from 1166 to 11,287 mg/kg for adult or child residents and represent contaminant levels that pose acceptable health risks for both present and proposed future uses of a site.

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“…Benzene is readily absorbed through the skin of man (208,209) and animals (210)(211)(212). In general, studies in humans suggest a dermal uptake rate in the forearm of 0.4 mg/cm2-hr (209).…”

Section: Human Exposure Dermal Uptakementioning

confidence: 99%

Benzene toxicity and risk assessment, 1972-1992: implications for future regulation.

Paustenbach¹,

Bass²,

Price³

1993

Environ Health Perspect

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Acute and chronic exposure to benzene vapors poses a number of health hazards to humans. To evaluate the probability that a specific degree of exposure will produce an adverse effect, risk assessment methods must be used. This paper reviews much of the published information and evaluates the various risk assessments for benzene that have been conducted over the past 20 years. There is sufficient evidence that chronic exposure to relatively high concentrations of benzene can produce an increased incidence of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Some studies have indicated that benzene may cause other leukemias, but due to the inconsistency of results, the evidence is not conclusive. To predict the leukemogenic risk for humans exposed to much lower doses of benzene than those observed in most epidemiology studies, a model must be used. Although several models could yield plausible results, to date most risk assessments have used the linear-quadratic or conditional logistic models. These appear to be the most appropriate ones for providing the cancer risk for airborne concentrations of 1 ppb to 10 ppm, the range most often observed in the community and workplace. Of the seven major epidemiology studies that have been conducted, there is a consensus that the Pliofilm cohort (rubber workers) is the best one for estimating the cancer potency because it is the only one with good exposure and incidence of disease data. The current EPA, OSHA, and ACGIH cancer potency estimates for benzene are based largely on this cohort. A retrospective exposure assessment and an analysis of the incidence of disease in these workers were completed in 1991. All of these issues are discussed and the implications evaluated in this paper. The range of benzene exposures to which Americans are commonly exposed and the current regulatory criteria are also presented.

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Percutaneous Penetration of Benzene and Benzene Contained in Solvents Used in the Rubber Industry

Cited by 40 publications

References 2 publications

Percutaneous penetration of benzene in hairless mice: An estimate of dermal absorption during tire‐building operations

Percutaneous penetration of benzene in hairless mice: An estimate of dermal absorption during tire‐building operations

Human health‐based soil cleanup guidelines for diesel fuel no. 2

Benzene toxicity and risk assessment, 1972-1992: implications for future regulation.

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