Percutaneous penetration of N-nitroso-N-methyldodecylamine through human skin in vitro: Application from cosmetic vehicles

Walters, K.; Brain, K.R.; Dressler, William E.; Green, D.M.; Howes, D.; James, V.J.; Kelling, Christopher K.; Watkinson, Adam C.; Gettings, S.D.

doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(97)00032-x

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Ethanol is well known as a topical penetration enhancer that can affect each of these components to disrupt the barrier. It acts as a solvent to potentially increase the solubility of a penetrating chemical, which is why it has been successfully used to increase permeability in commercially formulated drug delivery patches (Cornwell & Barry, 1995;Stinecipher & Shah, 1997;Walters et al, 1997) Ethanol is consumed by a significant portion of the population of the United States, but the consequences of altering the dermal barrier on xenobiotic absorption have not been explored. This article addresses the question: Will the enhancement properties of ethanol on chemical penetration occur if alcohol is consumed instead of applied topically?…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Chronic Alcohol Consumption on Dermal Penetration of Pesticides in Rats

Brand

Charron

Dutton

et al. 2004

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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Topically applied ethanol is a well-known dermal penetration enhancer. The purpose of this work was to determine if ethanol consumption might also increase transdermal penetration. Male rats were fed either an ethanol containing or control diet for 6-8 wk. After the feeding regime was completed, skin was removed and placed in an in vitro diffusion system. The transdermal absorption of four very commonly used herbicides was determined. Penetration through skin from ethanol-fed rats was enhanced when compared to control by a factor of 5.3 for paraquat, 2.4 for atrazine, and 2.2 for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and reduced by a factor 0.6 for trifluralin. Comparison of physical factors of the herbicides to the penetration enhancement revealed an inverse linear correlation with lipophilicity, as defined by log octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) with r2 =.98. These changes were at least partially reversible after 1 wk of abstinence from ethanol. These experiments demonstrate that regular ethanol consumption can alter the properties of the dermal barrier, leading to increased absorption of some chemicals through rat skin. If ethanol consumption has the same effect on human skin it could potentially have adverse health effects on people regularly exposed to agricultural, environmental, and industrial chemicals.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Chronic Alcohol Consumption on Dermal Penetration of Pesticides in Rats

Brand

Charron

Dutton

et al. 2004

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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“…[2][3][4][5] The penetration can be affected by the vehicle. [2][3][4][5] The penetration can be affected by the vehicle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2][3][4][5] The penetration can be affected by the vehicle. 4 Theoretically, however, systemic effects can occur. 4 Theoretically, however, systemic effects can occur.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Percutaneous absorption of benzophenone-3, a common component of topical sunscreens

Gonzalez¹,

Farbrot

Larkö³

2002

Clinical and Experimental Dermatology

104

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Benzophenone-3 (BZ-3) is a commonly used, chemical UV-absorber. It has been used for many years to protect against UV-radiation. Previous studies have shown that BZ-3 penetrates the skin, and it can be found in urine, faeces, and blood. In this study we examined the percutaneous absorption of BZ-3. The amount of BZ-3 absorbed was measured in urine, as experimental studies in the rat have shown that urine is the major route of excretion. Eleven volunteers applied the recommended amount of a commercially available sunscreen and urine samples were collected during a 48-h period after application. The average total amount excreted was 11 mg, median 9.8 mg, which is approximately 0.4% of the applied amount of BZ-3. Some of the volunteers still excreted BZ-3 48 h after application. It is evident that BZ-3 undergoes conjugation in the body to make it water soluble. However, we do not know at what age the ability to conjugate is fully developed, and therefore for children physical filters such as titanium dioxide and/or zinc oxide might still be considered a more appropriate sunscreen component.

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“…In addition to enhancing pc absorption by topical epicutaneous contact, some materials may also do so following systemic absorption. For example, ethanol can act as a topical penetration enhancer through solubility and skin-disrupting actions (Cornwell and Barry, 1995;Walters et al, 1997). Also, Brand et al (2006) demonstrated that ethanol dosed acutely to rats by gavage increased the pc absorption of epicutaneously applied paraquat, N,N -dimethylformamide, and N,N -diethyl-m-tolbutamide.…”

Section: Cutaneous Contact and Percutaneous Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basic Elements of Toxicology

Ballantyne¹,

Marrs

Syversen

2009

General, Applied and Systems Toxicology

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Toxicology is a multidisciplinary science concerned with determining the potential of chemicals and certain physical agents, such as ionizing radiation, to produced adverse effects in living organisms. Adverse effects in the context of this definition are those that are detrimental to the normal functioning or survival of the organism. If such effects occur, it is necessary to know their nature, incidence, mechanism of production, factors influencing their development and reversibility. This overview chapter discusses the following major elements in the science of toxicology: historical aspects; definitions and scope; subdisciplines; routes of exposure; dosage‐response relationships; factors influencing toxicity; biohandling of xenobiotics; toxicity of mixtures; conduct and review of toxicology studies; hazard evaluation and risk assessment; professional and ethical issues.

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Percutaneous penetration of N-nitroso-N-methyldodecylamine through human skin in vitro: Application from cosmetic vehicles

Cited by 26 publications

References 13 publications

Effects of Chronic Alcohol Consumption on Dermal Penetration of Pesticides in Rats

Effects of Chronic Alcohol Consumption on Dermal Penetration of Pesticides in Rats

Percutaneous absorption of benzophenone-3, a common component of topical sunscreens

Basic Elements of Toxicology

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