Perfluoroalkyl Acid Contamination and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition of French Freshwater and Marine Fishes

Abstract

In this study, French marine and freshwater fish perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) contamination are presented along with their fatty acid (FA) composition to provide further elements for a risk/benefit balance of fish consumption to be assessed. The 29 most consumed marine fish species were collected in four metropolitan French coastal areas in 2004 to constitute composite samples. Geographical differences in terms of consumed species and contamination level were taken into account. Three hundred and eighty-seven composite samples corresponding to 16 freshwater fish species collected between 2008 and 2010 in the six major French rivers or their tributaries were selected among the French national agency for water and aquatic environments freshwater fish sample library. The raw edible parts were analyzed for FA composition and PFAA contamination. Results show that freshwater fishes are more contaminated by PFAAs than marine fishes and do not share the same contamination profile. Freshwater fish contamination is mostly driven by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) (75%), whereas marine fish contamination is split between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (24%), PFOS (20%), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (15%), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFHpA) (11%), and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (11%). Common carp, pike-perch, European perch, thicklip grey mullet, and common roach presented the most unfavorable balance profile due to their high level of PFAAs and low level of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). These data could be used, if needed, in an updated opinion on fish consumption that takes into account PFAA contamination.

Properties, performance and associated hazards of state-of-the-art durable water repellent (DWR) chemistry for textile finishing

“…As for PFOA the bioaccumulation in fish was found to be low (Falk et al, 2015;Goeritz et al, 2013;Martin et al, 2003a,b;NICNAS, 2005) and levels in humans and terrestrial wildlife were also low (in comparison to levels of long-chain PFAS), or not detectable (Bytingsvik et al, 2012;ENVIRON International Corporation, 2014;Falandysz et al, 2006;Leat et al, 2013;Loi et al, 2011;Olsen et al, 2009;Persson et al, 2013;Russell et al, 2013;Taniyasu et al, 2003Taniyasu et al, , 2013Thompson et al, 2011;Van De Vijver et al, 2005;Vicente et al, 2015;Yamada et al, 2014). Field based BCF values are indicated to be higher than those determined in the laboratory, but still below 500 (Hong et al, 2014;Kwadijk et al, 2010;Naile et al, 2013).…”

Effects of Carbon Chain Length on the Perfluoroalkyl Acids-Induced Oxidative Stress of Erythrocytes in Vitro

“…Most notable among these are perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). 6,7 It has been shown that they could cause tumor and nontumor effects on the immune and nervous systems and adversely affect hepatic function, reproduction, and development. 8−10 Besides, data of in vitro studies on human cell lines presented evidence that both PFOA and PFOS may pose toxic effects in terms of oxidative damage, membrane disruption, and interference of endogenous enzyme activity.…”

“…Such findings have led to efforts to better understand the potential toxicological effects that may be inherent to these compounds. Most notable among these are perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). , It has been shown that they could cause tumor and nontumor effects on the immune and nervous systems and adversely affect hepatic function, reproduction, and development. − Besides, data of in vitro studies on human cell lines presented evidence that both PFOA and PFOS may pose toxic effects in terms of oxidative damage, membrane disruption, and interference of endogenous enzyme activity. − The perfluoroalkyl chemicals are mainly distributed in serum, liver, and blood of animals living anywhere from the Polar Regions to industrialized areas because of their long half-lives in living organisms. , In addition, the rate of elimination is enhanced for short carbon chain lengths, while PFAAs with longer chains are more bioaccumulative drawing from the biomonitoring data. , Because of the hydrophobic group and the polar end in PFAAs, they have great potential to cross membranes and to enter erythrocytes . However, details on the mechanisms for PFAA-induced oxidative cytotoxicity still need to be elucidated.…”

A Review of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in terms of Sources, Applications, Human Exposure, Dietary Intake, Toxicity, Legal Regulation, and Methods of Determination

“…It was also confirmed that fish, shellfish, meat, and other products of animal origin such as giblets are major contributors of PFAAs in the human diet [137]. Studies conducted by Yamada supported the thesis that fish and seafood are highly contaminated by PFAAs [138,139]. Freshwater fish consumers were the most exposed to PFOS at a level of 7.5 ng•kg −1 •bw•day −1 , and to a lesser extent to PFUnDA, PFDA, and PFHpS (perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid), whilst seafood consumers were the most exposed to PFOA (1.2 ng•kg −1 •bw•day −1 ), followed by PFNA and PFHxS.…”