Performance evaluation of a versatile multidimensional chromatographic preparative system based on three-dimensional gas chromatography and liquid chromatography–two-dimensional gas chromatography for the collection of volatile constituents
“…The oil examined in our study had an α-santalol content slightly lower than literature values of Santalum album oils ( Table 3 ) but higher than the oil obtained from Santalum spicatum . The β-santalol content approximated that determined by Kačániová et al [ 3 ], Panto et al [ 26 ] and Góra and Gibka [ 27 ]. Our results confirm that the examined oil was obtained from Santalum album ; however, it does not fulfill ISO 3518:2002 standard [ 4 ] due to an insufficient α-santalol content (<41%).…”
Sandalwood oils are highly desired but expensive, and hence many counterfeit oils are sold in high street shops. The study aimed to determine the content of oils sold under the name sandalwood oil and then compare their chromatographic profile and α- and β santalol content with the requirements of ISO 3518:2002. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis found that none of the six tested “sandalwood” oils met the ISO standard, especially in terms of α-santalol content. Only one sample was found to contain both α- and β-santalol, characteristic of Santalum album. In three samples, valerianol, elemol, eudesmol isomers, and caryophyllene dominated, indicating the presence of Amyris balsamifera oil. Another two oil samples were found to be synthetic mixtures: benzyl benzoate predominating in one, and synthetic alcohols, such as javanol, polysantol and ebanol, in the other. The product label only gave correct information in three cases: one sample containing Santalum album oil and two samples containing Amyris balsamifera oil. The synthetic samples described as 100% natural essential oil from sandalwood are particularly dangerous and misleading to the consumer. Moreover, the toxicological properties of javanol, polysantol and ebanol, for example, are unknown.
“…The oil examined in our study had an α-santalol content slightly lower than literature values of Santalum album oils ( Table 3 ) but higher than the oil obtained from Santalum spicatum . The β-santalol content approximated that determined by Kačániová et al [ 3 ], Panto et al [ 26 ] and Góra and Gibka [ 27 ]. Our results confirm that the examined oil was obtained from Santalum album ; however, it does not fulfill ISO 3518:2002 standard [ 4 ] due to an insufficient α-santalol content (<41%).…”
Sandalwood oils are highly desired but expensive, and hence many counterfeit oils are sold in high street shops. The study aimed to determine the content of oils sold under the name sandalwood oil and then compare their chromatographic profile and α- and β santalol content with the requirements of ISO 3518:2002. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis found that none of the six tested “sandalwood” oils met the ISO standard, especially in terms of α-santalol content. Only one sample was found to contain both α- and β-santalol, characteristic of Santalum album. In three samples, valerianol, elemol, eudesmol isomers, and caryophyllene dominated, indicating the presence of Amyris balsamifera oil. Another two oil samples were found to be synthetic mixtures: benzyl benzoate predominating in one, and synthetic alcohols, such as javanol, polysantol and ebanol, in the other. The product label only gave correct information in three cases: one sample containing Santalum album oil and two samples containing Amyris balsamifera oil. The synthetic samples described as 100% natural essential oil from sandalwood are particularly dangerous and misleading to the consumer. Moreover, the toxicological properties of javanol, polysantol and ebanol, for example, are unknown.
“…Pantò et al applied two three-dimensional approaches (GC–GC–GC and LC–GC–GC) to separate the sesquiterpene alcohols [( Z )- α -santalol ( 161 ), ( Z )- α - trans bergamotol ( 162 ), ( Z )- β -santalol ( 163 ), epi -( Z )- β -santalol ( 164 ), α -bisabolol ( 165 ), ( Z )-lanceol ( 166 ), and ( Z )-nuciferol ( 167 )] from the sandalwood essential oil. They found that the first dimensional separation using LC reduced the sample complexity and increased the productivity of low-concentration components [ 106 ]. Fig.…”
Natural medicines were the only option for the prevention and treatment of human diseases for thousands of years. Natural products are important sources for drug development. The amounts of bioactive natural products in natural medicines are always fairly low. Today, it is very crucial to develop effective and selective methods for the extraction and isolation of those bioactive natural products. This paper intends to provide a comprehensive view of a variety of methods used in the extraction and isolation of natural products. This paper also presents the advantage, disadvantage and practical examples of conventional and modern techniques involved in natural products research.
“…Being most of the GC applications accomplished in the temperature program mode, the bleeding effect is most likely to affect the δ 13 C measurement of those components eluted at high oven temperatures, while it may be negligible for early eluting components, with higher volatility. Two different midpolarity stationary phases were evaluated and, namely, a polyethylene glycol column (PEG) and an ionic liquid-based SLB-IL59, which are characterized by similar polarity but exhibit different selectivity. − At a glance, a substantial advantage of the IL phase with respect to the PEG one is represented by the higher maximum operational temperature (300 °C vs 280 °C). Ragonese et al reported a comparison of the two stationary phases, in terms of bleeding, revealing that at the column max temperature, the noise level was over 1 order of magnitude higher for the PEG column (1.8 × 10 8 pA s), with respect to the ionic liquid one (4.9 × 10 6 pA s).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…On the other hand, as predicted, a higher noise was registered for the PEG phase at the elution temperature of vanillin (about 210 °C), which affected the δ 13 C result both in terms of accuracy (−25.7‰) and precision (1.1σ). Based on these preliminary investigations, the SLB-IL59 phase was selected as 2 D column in the MDGC system, coupled to a 5% column (SLB-5 ms) in 1 D, useful for allowing the use of LRIs, to provide complementary selectivity with the lowest bleeding interference. − …”
Truffles are among the most expensive foods available in the market, usually used as flavoring additives for their distinctive aroma. The most valuable species is Tuber magnatum Pico, better known as "Alba white truffle", in which bis(methylthio)methane is the key aroma compound. Given the high economical value of genuine white truffles, analytical approaches are required to be able to discriminate between natural or synthetic truffle aroma. Gas chromatography coupled to combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS), exploiting the C/C ratio abundance of the key flavorings compounds in foods, has been a recognized technique for authenticity and traceability purposes; however, a number of issues have greatly limited its widespread use so far. In the present research, a high-efficiency HS-SPME MDGC-C-IRMS with simultaneous quadrupole MS detection has been applied for the evaluation of bis(methylthio)methane, resolving the coelution occurring with other components. With the aim to minimize the effect of column bleeding on δC measurement, a medium polarity ionic liquid-based stationary phase was preferred to a polyethylene glycol one, as the secondary column. In total, 24 genuine white truffles harvested in Italy were analyzed, attaining a δC values between -42.6‰ and -33.9‰, with a maximum standard deviation lower than 0.7‰. Two commercial intact truffles and 14 commercial samples of pasta, sauce, olive oil, cream, honey, and fresh cheese flavored with truffle aroma were analyzed, and the results from δC measurement were evaluated in comparison with those of genuine "white truffle" range and commercial synthetic bis(methylthio)methane standard.
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