Performance of Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves under Hot Arid Environment: Effects of Immunoglobulins and Age on Diseases and Mortality

Abstract

Problem statement:A high mortality rate (crude mortality 43.6%) of pre-weaned dairy calves resulted in unavailability of replacement heifers in Kuwait. Dairy producers resorted to import pregnant heifers for herd replacement. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dam vaccination and age, serum Immunoglobulin (Ig) on disease syndromes and mortality in preweaned calves. Approach: Late pregnant Holstein Friesian dairy cows and heifers of five commercial dairy operations were divided into two herds: Treatment (T) vaccinated using Lactovac against Rotavirus, Coronavirus and Escherichia coli and Control (C) unvaccinated herds. Total of 1,088 newborn calves of above herds were also divided as T and C for studies from their birth to weaning at 90 days. Calves weighed at birth, fed colostrum, serum proteins and Ig (IgG, IgM and IgA) were determined; disease syndromes, morbidity and mortality rates were investigated. Results: Mean birth weight (34.25±SE 0.21 kg) of calves did not differ significantly (p<0.01) between treatments. Crude mortality rates differed significantly (p<0.01) ranging from 2.83-22.83% in calves among herds. Highly significant differences were observed in Ig classes of blood serum of calves: IgG (F 3.47 p<0.010), IgM (F 3.52 p<0.009) and IgA (F 3.66 p<0.008). The effects of Ig levels on calf morbidity rates were significant (p<0.05) on three disease syndromes: pneumonia, diarrhea and pneumo-enteritis. Vaccination of pregnant dams and oral administration of antibodies to newborn calves reduced calf morbidity and mortality rates. Major disease syndromes were pneumo-enteritis (34.6%) and pneumonia (33.8%). Younger calves were greatly affected by these diseases. Conclusion: Inadequate levels of passive immunity of young calves were commonly found in Kuwait's farms. This study demonstrated the importance of passive immunity of calves by ensuring adequate levels of serum Ig and protein levels.

Newborn calf welfare: A review focusing on mortality rates

“…; Razzaque et al . ). The mortality rate is considerably lower on farms where the owner takes care of his/her calves him/herself than on farms where employees perform these duties (Martin et al .…”

“…Vaccination of pregnant cows reduces calf morbidity and mortality rates (Razzaque et al . ). Vaccination of pregnant cows even at early stages of pregnancy (6 months before calving) can provide passive protection in neonatal calves against etiologic agents such as enterotoxigenic E. coli (Jayappa et al .…”

“…Oral administration of antibodies (Razzaque et al . ) and probiotic supplements (Abd‐Elrahman ) to newborn calves can reduce calf morbidity and mortality rates. Administration of an oral solution of dried oregano leaves (Bampidis et al .…”

Development of the Innate Immune Response and Influence of Colostrum Suckling in Calves

“…In this scene, the innate immune system is extremely important for fetus and newborn calves because of their antigenic independence, however, hormones released during late pregnancy and at calving are immunosuppressive and negatively influence this response (Chase et al, 2008;Morein et al, 2002). Remains therefore the colostrum intake for the immune protection supply that will ensure the survival of calves in their first months of life (Kelly, 2003;Razzaque et al, 2009).…”

“…In this period of immune maturation, maternal colostrum promotes temporary protection to newborn, due to passive transfer of immune factors such as immunoglobulins, leukocytes, hormones and cytokines (Silva et al, 2013), reducing the risk of outbreak of Science Publications AJAVS diseases, such as diarrhea (Razzaque et al, 2009). However, the biological function of some of these components and their interrelationship with the active immunity of calves is still poorly known.…”