Performing arts as cultural heritage in the Federated States of Micronesia

Abstract

This article explores the performing arts as cultural heritage in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) in the western Pacific. It examines policies for and ideas about the support, management and safeguarding of the performing arts, first through the colonial lens of historical preservation, then through intangible cultural heritage and finally from recent theorising in music ecology. In presenting an overview of cultural heritage policy in the FSM with regard to the performing arts, this paper discusses the relationship between heritage practices and colonialism, and it reviews the place of music and dance in the cultural management of Micronesia. Drawing on recent work in ethnomusicology, the article argues for considerations of the holistic space of the performing arts and the facilitation of participatory practices to address concerns of cultural demise and to reframe approaches to music and dance as cultural heritage in the Pacific.The FSM is blessed with its own indigenous cultures and traditions even in the face of globalization. We have retained much of our cultural identity through the process of assimilation, and we will continue to withstand continuing foreign influences into the future. (FSM Standing Committee Report 16-71 2010) In the FSM, culture is the identity and inner being that sustains people, their relationships and their surroundings … we need to know the past in order to understand the present and to build the future. (Kim 2011, 26)

A Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Intangible Cultural Heritage Using CiteSpace

“…Using the Karagöz Shadow Theater as an example, Aykan (2015) called for international collaboration to protect the world's intangible heritage. Diettrich (2015) used the performing arts of the Federated States of Micronesia in the Western Pacific Ocean as an example, analyzing ICH and music ecology theories through the colonial perspectives of historical protection to explore the relationship between heritage policy making and colonialism. When studying the cultural landscape of Bali, Indonesia, MacRae discovered that there was a gap between the understanding of the global world heritage system and the local community, which caused a series of unexpected consequences.…”

Determining residents’ enjoyment of Cantonese opera as their performing arts heritage in Macao

“…In recent years, intangible cultural heritage as a tourism product has received much scholarly attention (Ahmad 2006, Butler 2006, Park 2011. In particular, traditional performing arts promote the cultural identity and values of a destination (Henke 2005, Diettrich 2015). Heritage tourism not only boosts the economic values of traditional performing arts, but also arouses awareness towards cultural heritage preservation and sustainable tourism development (Santa-Cruz 2016).…”

“…Though there are always some loyal fans, the support from the general population is much needed in preserving the popularity and sustainable sustaining the development of traditional performing arts (UNESCO 2003, Bergadaà and Lorey 2015, Miichi 2016. Besides, the supports from the locals not only help to promote their traditional performing arts but also to improve international audiences' receptions (Tikkanen 2008, Diettrich 2015, Palma, Palma et al 2017.…”

Spatio-temporal evolution and influencing factors of Chinese red tourism classic scenic spots network attention

“…唐 鸿 等：中国红色旅游经典景区网络关注度时空演变及影响因素 与之类似的是遗产旅游、黑色旅游和资产阶级战争旅游 [3] 。遗产旅游是以遗产资源为吸引 物，吸引游客到遗产所在地欣赏遗产景观，体验遗产文化氛围的一种旅游活动 [4] ，国外学 者探讨了遗产旅游对城市经济和空间的影响 [5] 、遗产旅游的旅游潜力、城市遗产旅游的效 益和成本等 [6] 。黑色旅游指人们到死亡、灾难、痛苦、悲剧发生地旅游的一种现象 [7] ，如 参观灾难发生地、灾难性历史博物馆等。Stone 等 [7] 探讨了黑色旅游的消费问题；Carruthers 等 [8] 以黑色旅游网站为对象，分析了黑色旅游关注者在文化感知、情感联结、记忆 唤起等方面的异质性。资产阶段战争旅游也是关注的重点对象，Seaton [9] 研究法国的战争 旅游，认为滑铁卢是重要的旅游吸引物，游客的社会意识形态及社会环境等会影响战争 旅游地的发展潜力及稳定性；Valene [10] 以美国战争旅游为对象，探讨了战争旅游对社会的 影响。国内"红色旅游"一词最早来源于中国老区建设促进会代办的旅游活动，1998 年 出现在学术刊物上，此后有关红色旅游的成果呈雨后春笋般出现，先后探讨了红色旅游 的开发管理及营销方式 [11] 、产品特点和开发模式 [12] 、市场竞争态 [13] 、可持续发展 [14] 、资源 结构 [15] 、游客满意度 [16] 及与社会记忆的关系 [17] 等方面内容，由于数据相对缺乏，研究多偏 向于定性分析。随着网络技术的发展，红色旅游的研究呈现出另一番景象：多依托百度 指数，探讨红色旅游网络关注度与客流量的关系 [18] 、时空分布特征 [2] 、红色旅游者个体价 值内化过程 [19] 、关注热度矩阵及推广策略研究 [20] 、客流预测 [21] 、形成机理 [2,22] 等内容；谷歌 趋势、新浪腾讯微博等也是主要借助平台。但我国红色旅游经典景区网站建设处于起步 阶段，信息化建设水平存在显著差异，且传播影响力普遍偏低 [23] 。因此，有关红色经典景 区网络关注度的研究较少。相关研究仍停留在早期以单个旅游目的地或景区为研究对 象，通过问卷调查收集景区资料，运用描述性统计和相关性分析，探讨红色经典景区的 产品开发、营销策略、发展模式、经济效应等内容，结合网络大数据，运用季节集中度 指数、地理探测器等研究方法，从宏观视域上探讨红色旅游经典景区时空动态演变及影 响因素的研究鲜少涉及。基于此，本文以红色旅游经典景区为研究对象，搜集 31 个省 (市、自治区，不包括港澳台) 对红色经典景区的网络关注度，揭示其空间分布格局及时 空演化特征，从客源地和目的地两个方面剖析其影响因素，以准确把握旅游者对红色旅 游经典景区关注的变化历程及未来发展趋势，指导旅游管理部门做出科学、合理的决策 与安排，为游客出游时段选择以及红色经典景区国内市场的营销定位、品牌宣传等提供 重要的参考价值。…”