“…Although frequent moving (three times or more) during childhood is generally rare, existing empirical studies indeed suggest an accumulation effect for those who do move frequently (Bernard & Vidal, 2020). Multiple moves are found to have negative effects on educational outcomes (Ersing et al, 2009; Hutchings et al, 2013; Simpson & Fowler, 1994; Tonnessen et al, 2016; Wood et al, 1993), physical and mental health (Busacker & Kasehagen, 2012; Gilman et al, 2003; Paksarian et al, 2015; Price et al, 2018; Tseliou et al, 2016), socioemotional development and problem behaviour (Anderson & Leventhal, 2017; Mollborn et al, 2018; Nathan et al, 2019; Rumbold et al, 2012; Simpson & Fowler, 1994; Wood et al, 1993), delinquent behaviour (Cotton et al, 2017; Vogel et al, 2017), and substance use (Brown et al, 2012; DeWit, 1998; Lee, 2007; Stabler et al, 2015). Additionally, the number of moves during childhood increases the likelihood to move in adulthood (Bernard & Perales, 2021a), indicating that frequent moving during childhood might also result in higher instability in adulthood.…”