Periodontal Probing: Probe Tip Diameter

Garnick, Jerry J.; Silverstein, Lee H

doi:10.1902/jop.2000.71.1.96

Cited by 67 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…There are many factors that could cause errors in clinical probing records. 7,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Among the studied variables, our results confirmed the findings presented by Mullally and Linden 12 and Mayfield et al, 24 finding differences in probing measurements between anterior and posterior areas (the only variables with statistically significant differences) (Tables 2 and 3). These differences can be explained by better access, probe position, and visibility of anterior areas or by the unconsciously high force that can be applied when posterior areas are probed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility of manual probing depth

Andrade¹,

Espinoza²,

Gómez³

et al. 2012

Braz. oral res.

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The periodontal probe remains the best clinical diagnostic tool for the collection of information regarding the health status and the attachment level of periodontal tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate intra-and inter-examiner reproducibility of probing depth (PD) measurements made with a manual probe. With the approval of an Ethics Committee, 20 individuals without periodontal disease were selected if they presented at least 6 teeth per quadrant. Using a Williams periodontal probe, three calibrated thesis-level students (k > 0.6) assessed PD at 6 sites per tooth, from the gingival margin to the bottom of the periodontal sulcus (rounded to the next 0.5 mm). Initial and repeated measurements were performed by the same three examiners. The intra-examiner agreement (± 1 mm > 90%) was 99.85%, 100%, and 100% for the three examiners, respectively. When the variables vestibular/lingual surfaces, mesial/distal surfaces, or superior/inferior jaws were evaluated, no significant differences in reproducibility were detected at the inter-examiner level (p < 0.05). At this level, the only significant differences observed were in the three examiners' measurements of the anterior and posterior sites. While high intra-examiner reproducibility was detected, interexaminer level proved to be low. We can conclude that measurement of PD with a manual periodontal probe produced high reproducibility in healthy individuals. The operator's position can affect the reproducibility of repeated measures of PD. Calibration and operator training, rather than operator experience, were fundamental for reproducibility. Other factors, such as individual technique and probing depth force, can affect inter-examiner reproducibility.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility of manual probing depth

Andrade¹,

Espinoza²,

Gómez³

et al. 2012

Braz. oral res.

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“…Several factors may influence the values obtained with the probing, such as those related to the examiner, the instrument or the conditions of the tissues 2,3 . Errors during the probing may lead the clinician to the choice of an inadequate treatment plan 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of gingival phenotype in animal and human experimental models using optical coherence tomography in a non-invasive approach

Mota¹,

Fernandes

Melo

et al. 2015

Biophotonics South America

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Imaging methods are widely used in diagnostic and among the diversity of modalities, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is nowadays commercially available and considered the most innovative technique used for imaging applications, in both medical and non-medical applications. In this study, we exploit the OCT technique in the oral cavity for identification and differentiation between free and attached gingiva, as well as determining the gingival phenotype, an important factor to determination of periodontal prognosis in patients. For the animal studies, five porcine jaws were analyzed using a Swept Source SS-OCT system operating at 1325nm and stereomicroscope, as gold pattern. The SS-OCT at 1325nm was chosen due to the longer central wavelength, that allows to deeper penetration imaging, and the faster image acquisition, an essential factor for clinical setting. For the patient studies, a total of 30 males and female were examined using the SS-OCT at 1325nm and computer controlled periodontal probing. 2D and 3D images of tooth/gingiva interface were performed, and quantitative measurements of the gingival sulcus could be noninvasively obtained. Through the image analysis of the animals jaws, it was possible to quantify the free gingiva and the attached gingiva, the calculus deposition over teeth surface and also the subgingival calculus. For the patient's studies, we demonstrated that the gingival phenotype could be measured without the periodontal probe introduction at the gingival sulcus, confirming that OCT can be potentially useful in clinic for direct observation and quantification of gingival phenotype in a non-invasive approach.

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“…Instead, the periodontal probe measures the probing attachment level, which is defined as the distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the apical depth of periodontal probe tip penetration into the gingival crevice. The degree of probe tip penetration may be influenced by factors such as thickness of the probe, pressure applied, tooth contour, tooth position, presence of calculus, degree of periodontal inflammation, and the actual level of connective tissue fibers [20][21][22][23][24][25]. As a result, probing measurements may overestimate attachment loss by as much as 2 mm in untreated sites, while underestimating attachment loss by an even greater margin following treatment [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%