Perireceptor and receptor events in vertebrate olfaction

Getchell, Thomas V.; Margolis, Frank L.; Getchell, Marilyn L.

doi:10.1016/0301-0082(84)90008-x

Cited by 281 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…Sus and ensheathing glia derived apoE could be critically involved in recycling of membrane components liberated from the senescing ORN population and recycling it to support basal cell division and differentiation and axonal elongation of the newly differentiated ORN. We propose that Sus-derived apoE facilitates the various functions attributed to Sus and ensheathing glia (Barnett, 2004;Dahl et al, 1982;Getchell et al, 1984;Ramon-Cueto and Avila, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The distribution of apolipoprotein E in mouse olfactory epithelium

Nathan¹,

Nannapaneni²,

Gairhe³

et al. 2007

Brain Research

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Previous studies from our laboratory suggest that apolipoprotein (apoE), a lipid transporting protein, facilitates olfactory nerve regeneration. We have shown that apoE is enriched in the olfactory nerve and around the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb (OB). The studies reported herein were undertaken to identify possible sources of apoE in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Immunoblotting results revealed apoE expression in the OE of wild-type (WT) mice, but not in apoE deficient/knockout (KO) mice. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the perikarya and processes of sustentacular (Sus) cells expressed apoE-like immunoreactivity. Minimal neuronal apoE immunostaining was seen, although apoE was observed in the interstial spaces between olfactory receptor neurons (ORN). Substantial apoE-like immunoreactivity was localized to the endfeet and terminal process of Sus cells surrounding the basal cells. Double labeling immunocytochemical studies confirmed that the cell bodies and endfeet of Sus cells expressed high levels of apoE. The endothelial cells of blood vessels were intensely stained for apoE in the lamina propria. Cells forming Bowman's gland also immunostained for apoE. The apoE staining in the nerve fascicles was less intense, but was uniformly distributed throughout the core of the nerve bundles. Heavily stained cells, probably ensheathing glia, surrounded the nerve fascicles. These results revealed that apoE is expressed in the adult OE and lamina propria at strategic locations where it could facilitate the differentiation, maturation and axonal growth of the ORN, perhaps by recycling lipids from degenerating ORN for use by growing axons.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The distribution of apolipoprotein E in mouse olfactory epithelium

Nathan¹,

Nannapaneni²,

Gairhe³

et al. 2007

Brain Research

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“…For example, isoforms of cytochrome P450 enzymes; NMa, NMb, and CYP2F are expressed in the apical cytoplasm of supporting cells and Bowman's glands in the rat olfactory mucosa [8,16]. Since the accumulation of evidences indicate that supporting cells and Bowman's glands are not the primary sites of olfactory perception [17], it is possible that NADPH-diaphorase activities in the supporting cells and Bowman's glands are not directly involved in the olfactory perception, but these activities may be due to expressions of NADPH-related proteins other than eNOS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localization of eNOS in the Olfactory Epithelium of the Rat

Endo

Yamamoto

Yamaguchi-Yamada

et al. 2011

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical and produced from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Since NO is recently suggested to be involved in olfactory perception, the expression of eNOS, an isoform of NOS, was examined in the rat olfactory epithelium. The activity of NADPH-diaphorase was also examined as a marker of NOS. In the dorsomedial region of the nasal cavity, intensely positive reactions for NADPH-diaphorase were observed in the entire cytoplasm of sensory cells (olfactory cells). By immunohistochemistry, intensely positive reactions for eNOS were also found in the dorsomedial region of the nasal cavity. These reactions were observed on the free border of the olfactory epithelium. By immunoelectron microscopy, positive reactions for eNOS were found in the cilia of olfactory cells. In addition, in situ hybridization analysis of the olfactory epithelium revealed the expression of eNOS mRNA in the olfactory cells. These results indicate the presence of eNOS in the olfactory cells of the rat, and differential expression of eNOS in the olfactory epithelium depending on the regions of the nasal cavity. In addition, NO produced by eNOS may be involved in olfactory perception in the cilia of olfactory cells.KEY WORDS: eNOS, NADPH-diaphorase, nitric oxide, olfactory epithelium, rat.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 73(4): 423-430, 2011 Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical with many functions in the cardiovascular, nervous, and immune systems [2]. Biologically, NO is produced from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NOS is divided into 3 types of major isoforms, i.e., neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS). The nNOS and eNOS are constitutive forms of NOS and mainly expressed in the neuronal and endothelial cells, respectively. The iNOS is an inducible form of NOS and mainly expressed in macrophages [15].Primary function of NO is the activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) to increase cGMP levels [1]. In the cilia of the rat sensory cells (olfactory cells), it is reported that odorant-stimulus induces the increase of cGMP levels and that specific NOS inhibitor L-N G -nitro arginine or NO scavenger hemoglobin inhibits this increase [4]. These findings indicate that odorant-stimulus induces NO production in the rat olfactory cells. Schmachtenberg et al. (2000Schmachtenberg et al. ( , 2003 reported that NO-stimulus induces outward potassium currents in 30 out of 72 olfactory cells and inward potassium currents in 3 out of 54 cells by physiological study [36,37]. In the cilia of rat olfactory cells, moreover, NO-stimulus is reported to activate or inhibit olfactory cyclic nucleotidegated (CNG) channels [5,6,28,36,37]. These reports suggest that NO is produced by the olfactory cells in response to odorant-stimulus, and has inhibitory and/or weakly excitatory effects to the olfactory cells by gating of CNG channel. However, it is still unclear which type of NOS isoforms generates NO in the olfactory cells of the rat. Because it has been reported that iNOS and eNOS are expressed...

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“…The increase and decrease of odor-elicited ⌬S͞S changes correlated well with the onsets and offsets of stimulation. Decay of the signal after offset was always longer (by Ϸ8 s) than the signal rise delay, presumably from slow odor clearance at the epithelium (13).…”

Section: Reproducibility and Neuroanatomy Of Sapsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Assessment and discrimination of odor stimuli in rat olfactory bulb by dynamic functional MRI

Kida²,

Hyder³

et al. 2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

118

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Dynamic blood oxygenation level-dependent functional MRI was applied at 7 T in the rat olfactory bulb (OB) with pulsed delivery of iso-amyl acetate (IAA) and limonene. Acquisition times for singleslice and whole OB data were 8 and 32 s, respectively, with spatial resolution of 220 ؋ 220 ؋ 250 m. On an intrasubject basis, short IAA exposures of 0.6 min separated by 3.5-min intervals induced reproducible spatial activity patterns (SAPs) in the olfactory nerve layer, glomerular layer, and external plexiform layer. During long exposures (Ϸ10 min), the initially dominant dorsal SAPs declined in intensity and area, whereas in some OB regions, the initially weak ventral͞lateral SAPs increased first and then decreased. The SAPs of different concentrations were topologically similar, which implies that whereas an odor at various concentrations activates the same subsets of receptor cells, different concentrations are assessed and discriminated by variable magnitudes of laminarspecific activations. IAA and limonene reproducibly activated different subsets of receptor cells with some overlaps. Whereas qualitative topographical agreement was observed with results from other methods, the current dynamic blood oxygenation level-dependent functional MRI results can provide quantitative SAPs of the entire OB.blood oxygenation level-dependent ͉ functional mapping ͉ olfactory bulb I n mammals, olfactory behaviors such as determination of food palatability and searching require accurate assessment and discrimination of different odor types, concentrations, and exposure duration (1). Distinctions between these behavioral tasks are believed to rely on a spatial-encoding mechanism in which different odor and concentrations evoke spatial activity patterns (SAPs) in the olfactory bulb (OB). The SAPs are derived from functionally induced activity in olfactory receptor neurons that synapse at specific glomeruli (2).Insights into the coding of olfactory information have been partially inferred from SAPs in the OB, where the data can be obtained by various methods: 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography (3), electrophysiology (4), c-fos expression (5), functional MRI (fMRI) (6), and optical imaging of voltage-sensitive dyes (7) or intrinsic signals (8). Experimental limitations of each method affect data interpretations because each method maps a specific signal. Certain experimental criteria have to be met for olfactory perception to be systematically and ideally derived from the functional architecture revealed by the SAPs: (i) the neuroanatomy of the whole OB has to be mapped; (ii) the dynamic nature of SAPs in the whole OB has to be mapped with both high spatial and temporal resolutions; (iii) laminar-specific activations in the different layers have to be quantitated; and (iv) reproducibility of SAPs has to be established in a quantitative manner such that the effects of stimulus parameters (e.g., odor type, concentration, and exposure duration) can be easily identified and separated. If each criterion is met on an intrasubject basis by a par...

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Perireceptor and receptor events in vertebrate olfaction

Cited by 281 publications

References 142 publications

The distribution of apolipoprotein E in mouse olfactory epithelium

The distribution of apolipoprotein E in mouse olfactory epithelium

Localization of eNOS in the Olfactory Epithelium of the Rat

Assessment and discrimination of odor stimuli in rat olfactory bulb by dynamic functional MRI

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