Conventional perovskite-type ferroelectrics are based on octahedral units of oxygen, and often comprise toxic Pb to achieve robust ferroelectricity. Here, we report the ferroelectricity in a silicate-based compound, Bi 2 SiO 5 (BSO), induced by a structural instability of the corresponding silicate tetrahedral chains. A low-energy phonon mode condenses at ~ 673 K to induce the proper ferroelectric phase transition. Polarization switching was observed in a BSO single crystal with a coercive field of 30 kV/cm and a spontaneous polarization of 0.3 μC/cm 2 along a direction normal to the cleavage plane. The in-plane polarization was estimated by first principles calculations to be 23 μC/cm 2 . The present findings provide a new guideline for designing ferroelectric materials based on SiO 4 tetrahedral units, which is ubiquitously found in natural minerals.Because of its diverse functionality, ferroelectricity is a key ingredient for electronic and optical technologies applied to non-volatile memory, actuators and sensors. (1) Ferroelectric materials are characterized by a switchable polarization caused by spontaneous displacements of cations relative to anions, which generally appears through the ferroelectric phase transition from centrosymmetric to non-centrosymmetric phases. In the case of so-called displacive-type phase transitions, the phase transition is driven by the freezing of a zone-centre optical phonon mode, "soft mode", using an eigenvector similar to the polar displacement observed in the ferroelectric phase. (2-4) Recent studies have clarified that the soft mode instability in conventional perovskite-type oxides is caused by covalency between the cations and oxygen ions in the octahedral oxygen units. (5-7) Current ferroelectric applications thus rely heavily upon toxic Pbbased compounds, because the large covalency of Pb-O is favourable for causing structural instability in these compounds to induce robust ferroelectricity. Alternately, the unconventional ferroelectricity observed in Bi-based perovskite-type oxides like BiFeO 3 (BFO), has recently attracted attention in terms of the high-T c and the large spontaneous polarization achieved without Pb. The mechanism has been understood as a lone-pair ordering, where the 6s orbital of Bi hybridizes with the 2p-orbital of an adjacent oxygen to induce the large polar displacement of Bi. (8,9) Also in this case, the ferroelectricity stems from the unique property of the specific element, Bi. Such a strong element-dependence of current ferroelectric oxides provides a demand for a new guideline principle for designing ferroelectric materials. (10,11)Here, we report for the first time the ferroelectric phase transition driven by the structural instability of the pyroxene-type one-dimensional chains of oxygen tetrahedra, which is found in the silicate-based compound Bi 2 SiO 5 (BSO). BSO has a layered structure, which comprises a single layer of one-dimensional silicate chains sandwiched between Bi 2 O 2 sheets (Fig. 1a). The proper ferroelectric phase transit...