Pet Dogs with Subclinical Acute Radiodermatitis Experience Widespread Somatosensory Sensitization

Animal sentience refers to the capacity of animals to feel both positive and negative emotions including that of pain. As veterinary health professionals, we have a medical and ethical duty to mitigate suffering from pain to the best of our ability. In 2014, the first Global Pain Council World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Guidelines for the Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain was published and remains to this day one of the most relevant and widespread documents of its kind. The 2022 WSAVA Global Pain Management Guidelines evolves from the first document with updated scientific information reflecting major advances in veterinary pain medicine in the last decade. This document is designed to provide the user with easy-to-implement, core fundamentals on the successful recognition and treatment of pain in the day-to-day small animal clinical practice setting. It provides basic and practical information with an extensive reference list to guide those who want to further their knowledge on pain management. The 2022 WSAVA Global Pain Management Guidelines should be easily implemented regardless of practice setting and/or location for the promotion and advance of pain management and animal welfare. FIG 4. Peripheral sensitisation results in increased sensitivity around the lesion site. Affected patients may exhibit signs of hyperalgesia and allodynia. Adapted from Monteiro & Simon (2022). PGs Prostaglandins, NGF Nerve growth factor FIG 5. The constant noxious input (electrical signal) from the periphery to the spinal cord results in central sensitisation. Central sensitisation is the result from increased pain facilitation and decreased pain inhibition. Neuroplasticity and neuroimmune interactions also contribute to this phenomenon

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“…Mechanisms of CIPN and RAP are poorly understood and undergoing investigation (Nolan et al . 2017, 2020b, Ma et al . 2018).…”

Section: Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2022 WSAVA guidelines for the recognition, assessment and treatment of pain

Monteiro

Lascelles

Murrell

et al. 2022

J of Small Animal Practice

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“…Recent data suggest that acute radiation‐associated pain (RAP) may result from activation of transient receptor potential family ion channels on nociceptors whose free nerve endings lie within the locally irradiated tissues. For example, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) is upregulated in the skin of dogs with early radiodermatitis, and there is evidence for functional activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) in mice with severe experimentally induced RIM 22,23 . It has been shown in nonradiation models that TNF‐α can activate TRP channels 24–26 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early radiation‐induced oral pain signaling responses are reduced with pentoxifylline treatment

Price

Lai

Marcus

et al. 2020

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Radiation‐induced acute oral mucositis is associated with inflammation and pain. In other realms of pain research, nociceptors are known to be activated by inflammatory cytokines; for example, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) can activate transient receptor potential ion channels on sensory neurons. But there is an unclear relationship between inflammatory cytokines and molecular mediators of pain in radiation‐induced mucositis (RIM) and radiation‐associated pain (RAP). In this prospective, analytical, experimental pilot study, a common drug (pentoxifylline [PTX]) was used with the goal of inhibiting TNF‐α signaling in mice that underwent lingual irradiation to induce severe acute oral RIM/RAP. Body weight and glossitis scores were recorded daily. Eye wiping behaviors were assayed as a surrogate measure of oral discomfort (which is possible due to cross‐sensitization of the mandibular and ophthalmic branches of the trigeminal nerve). Quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed on irradiated tongue tissue to measure changes in expression of TNF‐α, its receptor, nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), and transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4). Responsiveness of afferent sensory trigeminal neurons to TNF‐α, a TRPV1 agonist (capsaicin), and a partial TRPV4 agonist (histamine) was measured via calcium imaging. Although PTX treatment did not reduce glossitis severity or mitigate weight loss in mice with RIM/RAP, it did inhibit the upregulation of TNF‐α’s receptor that normally accompanies RIM, and it also reduced neuronal responsiveness to each of the aforementioned chemical stimuli. These results provide provisional evidence that inhibition of TNF‐α signaling with PTX treatment may serve as a useful tool for reducing pain in head and neck cancer patients.

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Canine comparative oncology for translational radiation research

Boss

2021

International Journal of Radiation Biology

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Pet Dogs with Subclinical Acute Radiodermatitis Experience Widespread Somatosensory Sensitization

Cited by 4 publications

References 52 publications

2022 WSAVA guidelines for the recognition, assessment and treatment of pain

2022 WSAVA guidelines for the recognition, assessment and treatment of pain

Early radiation‐induced oral pain signaling responses are reduced with pentoxifylline treatment

Canine comparative oncology for translational radiation research

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