Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of moroxydine hydrochloride in gibel carp, Carassius gibelio after oral administration

Abstract

The pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of moroxydine hydrochloride were studied in gibel carp at water temperature of 15 and 25 °C. Samples (blood, skin, muscle, liver, and kidney) were collected over 10 days after the treatment and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector. The results indicated that the influence of water temperature on the metabolism of the drug was significant. The plasma concentration-time data of moroxydine hydrochloride conformed to single-compartment open model at the two water temperatures. There were higher absorption rate (t1/2ka ) and longer elimination half-lives (t1/2ke ) at 15 °C (4.29 and 15.87 h, respectively) compared with those at 25 °C (3.02 and 4.22 h, respectively). The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) and the time-point of maximum plasma concentration (Tp ) were 2.98 μg/mL and 10.35 h at 15 °C and 3.12 μg/mL and 4.03 h at 25 °C, respectively. The distribution volume (Vd /F) of moroxydine hydrochloride was estimated to be 4.55 L/kg at 15 °C and 2.89 L/kg at 25 °C. The total body clearance (CLb ) of moroxydine hydrochloride was determined to be 0.25 and 0.49 L/(h·kg) at 15 °C and 25 °C, respectively; the areas under the concentration-time curve were 75.89 μg·h/mL at 15 °C and 42.33 μg·h/mL at 25 °C. The depletion of moroxydine hydrochloride in gibel carp was slower with a longer half-life period, especially at lower water temperature that was tested.

Measurement and Correlation for Solubility of Moroxydine Hydrochloride in Pure and Binary Solvents

“…Its molecular mass and chemical formula are 207.66 g·mol –1 and C 6 H 14 ClN 5 O, respectively . Moroxydine hydrochloride is an antiviral non-nucleoside drug, which is the original application of the substance that emerged in the late 1950s. , It has been reported for use in a number of antiviral activities against various DNA and RNA viruses such as influenza, measles, mumps, herpes simplex (HSV), varicella zoster (VZV), and hepatitis C. − Moroxydine hydrochloride also displays broad spectrum antiviral activity against plant viral pests. It is readily absorbed by the body or plant accompanied by only minor side effects and does not demonstrate any toxic buildup .…”

“…It is readily absorbed by the body or plant accompanied by only minor side effects and does not demonstrate any toxic buildup . Because of its broad antiviral activity, therapeutic effectiveness, and low risk of toxicity, moroxydine hydrochloride has become an important drug in veterinary medicine with proven value in the treatment of these diseases in food animals and is gradually being developed specifically for aquaculture use as an extra-label drug …”

“…1 Because of its broad antiviral activity, therapeutic effectiveness, and low risk of toxicity, moroxydine hydrochloride has become an important drug in veterinary medicine with proven value in the treatment of these diseases in food animals and is gradually being developed specifically for aquaculture use as an extra-label drug. 2 Solvent crystallization is a key step for controlling the quality of the moroxydine hydrochloride product, which has the characteristics of low cost and high efficiency. While solubility is an indispensable physicochemical property that plays a significant role in solvent crystallization process, nevertheless, as far as we know, the solubility of moroxydine hydrochloride has not been reported up to date.…”

Editorial: Aquatic Pharmacology, Volume II: Pharmacokinetics for Aquatic Species

“…In addition to antibacterials, published aquatic pharmacokinetic research also mainly concentrates on anti-infectives, including anthelmintics ( 8 – 10 ), antivirals ( 11 , 12 ), and natural botanic products with anti-infective peroperties ( 13 – 15 ). Drugs relating to experimental or medical management of aquatic species such as NSAIDs ( 16 – 18 ) and anesthetics ( 19 – 21 ) are also topics for pharmacokinetic studies.…”