Pharmacokinetics of levamisole after intramuscular and oral administrations to Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius)

Abstract

The pharmacokinetic parameters of levamisole were determined in the Caspian salmon after intramuscular (IM), oral by gavage, and oral by feed administrations. Eighty‐one healthy fish in three different groups received levamisole at the dose of 25 mg/fish by each route. Blood samples were collected at time points of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 14, and 24 hr after administrations. Plasma levamisole concentrations were measured by a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay and were analyzed using a noncompartmental approach. The mean terminal half‐life was 4.56, 3.95, and 2.91 hr for IM, gavage and feed routes, respectively. The peak plasma concentration for IM, gavage, and feed routes of levamisole were 35.53, 4.63, and 8.36 µg/ml, respectively, at the time of 0.25 for IM, and 1 hr for gavage and feed. The relative bioavailability for gavage and feed routes was 54.80 and 69.30. The similar bioavailability for gavage and feed might be indicative of similar efficacy for these routes of administrations. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the absolute oral bioavailability and the effective dose in Caspian salmon.

Pharmacokinetics study of oxyclozanide and levamisole hydrochloride compound suspension in sheep by LC-MS/MS

“…Pharmacokinetic analysis is an important method to evaluate drug absorption, distribution in a particular animal, and it is also an important way to evaluate the equivalence of different dosage forms between drugs. In view of the batter response of oxyclozanide and levamisole hydrochloride under different ion modes, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used for simultaneous scanning analysis of the two substances [19,20]. The choice of the IS is particularly important, as it provides a baseline value for the continuous monitoring of the performance of the chromatograph and mass spectrometer during analysis, and affects the precision and accuracy of the method.…”

Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacies of fenbendazole in comparison with levamisole in helminth‐infected Caspian turtles (Mauremys caspica)

“…Plasma LVM and FNB were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection, using established methods (Rummel et al, 2011; Sadati et al, 2021; Tabari et al, 2020). Both methods were revalidated in turtle plasma according to the EMEA bioanalytical method validation guidelines (Anonymous, 2009).…”