Pharmacological Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels in Non—Insulin-Department Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is common and is characterized by insulin insufficiency and resistance. Measures such as body weight reduction and exercise improve the metabolic defects, but pharmacological therapy is the most frequently used and successful therapy. The sulphonylureas stimulate insulin secretion. Metformin and troglitazone increase disposal and decrease hepatic glucose output without causing hypoglycemia. Acarbose is a dietary aid that spreads the dietary carbohydrate challenge to endogenous insulin over time. These pharmacological agents, either alone or in combination, can improve blood glucose regulation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

The 25-kDa Synaptosome-associated Protein (SNAP-25) Binds and Inhibits Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels in Secretory Cells

“…Previously transfected GFP-positive HIT cells (passage 65-75) were studied with standard whole-cell and cell-attached patch clamp techniques (29) as we have previously described (30) 6.0, Axon Instruments, Union City, CA) to record channel currents. Currents were typically elicited from a holding potential of Ϫ70 mV.…”

“…We confirmed the presence of the K V 1.1 channel protein in HIT cell lysates as shown in Fig 7) were lysed by sonication or subjected to subcellular fractionation to obtain a purified plasma membrane fraction. Western analysis using specific antibodies to SNAP-25 (22) and K V 1.1 (Alomone Labs) was performed on these HIT cell lysates (15 g, lanes 2-4) and plasma membrane fractions (70 g, lanes [5][6][7]. Rat brain synaptosomal membrane fraction (LP1, 10 g of protein) was used as the positive control.…”

“…In the islet ␤ cell, since this glucosesensitive sustained phase of insulin secretion is regulated by the K DR channel, it would be an ideal drug target for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent or type 2 diabetes. In particular, drugs that interfere selectively with it would be superior to the current treatment with sulfonylureas that act on ␤ cell K ATP channels in a glucose-independent manner, often resulting in deleterious side effects such as hypoglycemia (6). However, very little is known about the K DR channel or the identities of the molecules interacting with this channel (2).…”

The mechanism of action of oral antidiabetic drugs: A review of recent literature

“…7,8 Sulphonylureas are well absorbed after oral administration and reach peak plasma concentrations within 2 -4 hours. 9 Food ingestion appears to have very little effect on their efficacy, but it is nevertheless advised that they be taken at least 15 -20 minutes before a meal.…”

Insulin Secretion with the Effect of Loureirin B through K_ATPChannel–Dependent Pathway

“…For different type of drugs, they have different target to produce efficacy. Sulfonylureas still remain the most widely used drugs for treating patients with diabetes so far [2].…”