2018
DOI: 10.1063/1.5049904
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Phase transitions of copper, aluminum, and tungsten wires during underwater electrical explosions

Abstract: Using streak images of underwater electrically exploding copper, aluminum, and tungsten wires (current densities of 10 7-10 8 A/cm 2 and energy density deposition of 10-50 kJ/g) and generated weak shocks, the onset of each phase transition, its duration, and the time when the wire explosion occurred were determined. The measured discharge current and resistive voltage were used to calculate the energy and energy density deposition. Using the discharge current waveform and the onset of the strong shock wave, th… Show more

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Cited by 29 publications
(9 citation statements)
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“…Based on the linearly fitted SW trajectories, the liquefaction and evaporation SWs respectively initiate near the melting point (t 1 ∼ 1 µs) and the voltage collapse point (t 2 ∼ 2 µs), which is consistent with previous results [19]. The EM-SW initiates ∼1.5 µs after voltage collapse at t 3 ∼ 3.5 µs, and the reconstructed equivalent resistance of the load shows a 'counter-intuitive' increase after t 3 , indicating that the insulating gaseous products generated by NM detonation disrupt the discharge channel, leading to an increase of the resistance.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 91%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Based on the linearly fitted SW trajectories, the liquefaction and evaporation SWs respectively initiate near the melting point (t 1 ∼ 1 µs) and the voltage collapse point (t 2 ∼ 2 µs), which is consistent with previous results [19]. The EM-SW initiates ∼1.5 µs after voltage collapse at t 3 ∼ 3.5 µs, and the reconstructed equivalent resistance of the load shows a 'counter-intuitive' increase after t 3 , indicating that the insulating gaseous products generated by NM detonation disrupt the discharge channel, leading to an increase of the resistance.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 91%
“…the weak shock generated by melting of the wire (the liquefaction SW) and the strong shock generated by the phase explosion (the evaporation SW); the liquefaction SW is then caught up by the evaporation SW. This behaviour resembles the results obtained for the underwater explosion of a W wire [19]. For the 1200 J energy case, only one shock front can be observed in the shadowgraphs, and the liquefaction SW has merged with the stronger evaporation SW in the vicinity of the silicone tube.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 84%
“…In the following part, the SWs generated during different UEWE stages will be discussed in detail. [73]). The weak shocks generated by melting and vaporization wave can be easily observed.…”
Section: Sws During Uewementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The weak shocks generated by melting and vaporization wave can be easily observed. Reprinted from [73], with the permission of AIP Publishing. [73] observed the SW structure of UEWEs with different materials and varied circuit and load parameters; figure 3 shows a laser backlit streak image of an exploding copper wire (figure 3(a) of [73]).…”
Section: Sws During Uewementioning
confidence: 99%
“…This was an adequate match to the timescales of our experiments, which were similar to previous wire explosion experiments using generators with rise times of approximately a microsecond. 17 The duration of each pulse, and thus the effective exposure of each radiograph image, is given by the bunch duration, which is 55 ps in 4-bunch mode. We have since performed additional experiments in the 16bunch mode, with images captured every third pulse (due to the limits in camera speed) resulting in an interframe time of 528 ns.…”
Section: Id19 Beamline and X-ray Imagingmentioning
confidence: 99%