“…Over the past decades, much effort has been made in devising exact algorithms [17,20,26] as well as powerful heuristics including tabu search [10,18,30], reactive search [5,23,24], stochastic local search [9,15,[22][23][24], variable neighbourhood search [12], ant colony optimization [28] and hybrid methods [27,31]. Most of these approaches have mainly been applied to MCP.…”