Phenomenology and psychological assessment of complex posttraumatic states

Briere, John; Spinazzola, Joseph

doi:10.1002/jts.20048

Cited by 219 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Surprisingly, high resiliency scores were associated with participants who had very low or very high dissociative scores but were not associated with participants with moderate dissociative scores. Trying to replicate these findings would be beneficial, as dissociation was only related to higher resilience when scores were at a level that could indicate a possible diagnosis of a dissociative disorder (Briere et al, 2005). This is counter-intuitive, as dissociative disorders are generally thought to be found in people who are the least resilient (Briere et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trying to replicate these findings would be beneficial, as dissociation was only related to higher resilience when scores were at a level that could indicate a possible diagnosis of a dissociative disorder (Briere et al, 2005). This is counter-intuitive, as dissociative disorders are generally thought to be found in people who are the least resilient (Briere et al, 2005). In the current study, dissociation does not seem to relate to higher resiliency, except in very extreme cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the Adaptiveness of Moderate Dissociation in Response to Betrayal Trauma

Chavez¹

2011

OURJ

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Freyd's (1996) betrayal trauma theory posits that evolutionarily important attachment bonds make dissociation in response to trauma more likely when a relationship exists between victim and perpetrator. This dissociation, despite its immediate benefits in regards to attachment, is commonly thought to have harmful consequences over time. However, although negative mental and physical sequelae may result from chronic dissociation, it may also continue to serve a protective function in regards to attachment. This online study explores the relationship between dissociation, resiliency, betrayal trauma, and attachment using self-report questionnaires with a college student sample (400 participants, 68.7% female). We hypothesized that participants with moderate dissociation would be more resilient to childhood abuse and utilize multiple attachment strategies. Results revealed that higher dissociation was associated with poorer resiliency scores, although in a curvilinear analysis very high dissociative scores correlated with higher resiliency. Dissociation did not seem to be related to attachment; however, participants with a history of betrayal trauma were associated with more variability in attachment styles. These findings are particularly relevant because it could inform attachment theory and the effects of trauma on attachment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Adaptiveness of Moderate Dissociation in Response to Betrayal Trauma

Chavez¹

2011

OURJ

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“…Despite the mind blocking knowledge of the abuse from conscious awareness, the traumatic experience takes a toll. Often, these effects manifest indirectly through physical and psychological symptoms that occur without apparent cause (Beck, Elzevier, Pelger, Putter, & Voorham-van der Zalm, 2009;Ross, 2005;Courtois, 1997;Briere & Spinazzola, 2005;Kaehler & Freyd, 2009;Trippany, Helm, & Simpson, 2006). Because the individual cannot consciously connect the sequelae of betrayal traumas with a cause, betrayal has the potential to induce more complex and prolonged distress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experience of a Lifetime: Study Abroad, Trauma, and Institutional Betrayal

Wright

Smith

Freyd

2016

Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma

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iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank those people who lent me their support and energy during the nearly two years of conducting this project. To my committee, Dr. Jennifer Freyd, Dr. Carly Smith, and Dr. Joseph Fracchia: I cannot express enough thanks for your continued support and encouragement. Jennifer, when I sat down in your class nearly two years ago, I did not know I was about to discover one of my great passions. Thank you for showing me it is possible to be an activist, a scholar, and a compassionate human being. Carly, thank you for being an ever-conscientious and intentional mentor.Professor Fracchia, thank you for giving me new lenses to see the world's flaws, and the hope that we will find a way to change them. You never failed to supply snacks or kind words when I needed them most. iv Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Background 3 Purpose 11 Method 12 Participants 12Procedure 13 Measures 15 Data Preparation and Analysis 19Results 22 Discussion 30 Limitations 38 Conclusion 40Bibliography 41 actions to be supportive, and she was undoubtedly balancing the confusing, possibly conflicting, obligations to protect institution, law, and student. However, the administrator's actions left Mallory feeling it was "impossible to begin healing" until there was evidence of the program improving measures for student safety, and changing the response to incidents students experience.When Mallory wrote to the administrator to ask to discontinue contact, the administrator complied. Unfortunately, there were still further negative outcomes. The two professors who were most helpful to Mallory following the assault-who took her1 The student's true name was not released to the public. 2 The perpetrator has not been identified; it is not clear whether the assailant was a fellow student or a member of the host country. Mallory labels the mishandled response from her study abroad program as a "revictimization" that was "intrusive" during the time she should have been allowed to begin the process of recovery. Indeed, in an open letter to her college and the study abroad program, Mallory stated that changes to the emergency protocol of the school and study abroad program, would be necessary "in order to make this situation right, to allow my healing process to truly begin, and quite honestly, to sleep soundly at night" (Smyth, 2014).Research from the field of psychology suggests not only that exposure to traumatic events while studying abroad is common, but also that the way in which institutions respond has the potential to exacerbate a student's negative reaction to that event. Given the paucity of research about study-abroad programs, the present study aims to explore both the prevalence of students' exposure to traumatic events during study abroad, and the effects of the institutional culture and actions on the after-effects of traumatic events experienced during study abroad.

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“…Finalmente, es relevante reseñar que dada la diversidad de sintomatología que puede aparecer como consecuencia de la vivencia de situaciones traumáticas de larga duración e intensidad en el contexto familiar es recomendable utilizar diferentes instrumentos de evaluación con el fin de valorar adecuadamente las distintas áreas de funcionamiento de estos menores (Briere y Spinazzola, 2005;Fantuzzo, Gaudio, Atkins, Meyers y Noone, 1998;Oates y Bross 1994). En esta línea, el RCADS (Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale), en la versión de 30 ítems (Sandín, Chorot, Valiente y Chorpita, 2010) se muestra como un instrumento apropiado tanto para su uso en el ámbito clínico como de investigación.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified