Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase GmPAL1.1 Promotes Seed Vigor under High-Temperature and -Humidity Stress and Enhances Seed Germination under Salt and Drought Stress in Transgenic Arabidopsis

Abstract

Seed vigor is an important agronomic attribute, essentially associated with crop yield. High-temperature and humidity (HTH) stress directly affects seed development of plants, resulting in the decrease of seed vigor. Therefore, it is particularly important to discover HTH-tolerant genes related to seed vigor. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.24) is the first rate-limiting enzyme in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and a key enzyme involved in plant growth and development and environmental adaptation. However, the biological function of PAL in seed vigor remains unknown. Here, GmPAL1.1 was cloned from soybean, and its protein was located in the cytoplasm and cell membrane. GmPAL1.1 was significantly induced by HTH stress in developing seeds. The overexpression of GmPAL1.1 in Arabidopsis (OE) accumulated lower level of ROS in the developing seeds and in the leaves than the WT at the physiological maturity stage under HTH stress, and the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT and flavonoid contents were significantly increased, while MDA production was markedly reduced in the leaves of the OE lines than in those of the WT. The germination rate and viability of mature seeds of the OE lines harvested after HTH stress were higher than those of the WT. Compared to the control, the overexpression of GmPAL1.1 in Arabidopsis enhanced the tolerance to salt and drought stresses during germination. Our results suggested the overexpression of GmPAL1.1 in Arabidopsis promoted seed vigor at the physiological maturation period under HTH stress and increased the seeds’ tolerance to salt and drought during germination.

RETRACTED: Impact of germination conditions on nutritional, nutraceutical, functional and anti-nutritional factors of Pseudocereals grown in Northern Himalayas

“…Several studies have reported a similar increase in water solubility index (WSI) with germination time. Zhang et al [29] observed this increase in germinated rice our. Another study reported increase in WSI due to the increase in water soluble albumins observed previously in germinating oats and barley [34,35].…”

“…The enzyme esterase is responsible for cleaving the chemical bonds that bind phenolic compounds, resulting in the release of these compounds [28]. Zhang et al [29] reported the activation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, a key enzyme in phenolic biosynthesis, during seed germination. Each experiment was carried out in triplicate and data were reported as means ± standard deviation (SD).…”

Biochar-Dual Oxidant Composite Particles Alleviate the Oxidative Stress of Phenolic Acid on Tomato Seed Germination

“…Studies have shown that upregulation of PAL , C4H , and 4CL in plants can increase plant tolerance to biotic or abiotic stress [ 49 , 50 ]. Among them, overexpression of PAL has been proven to reduce the level of ROS in Arabidopsis seeds and leaves, increase the activity of POD, CAT, and the content of flavonoids, and reduce the accumulation of MDA [ 51 ]. In this study, the relative concentration of p -coumaric acid and 4-hydroxystyrene increased dramatically under p -CA stress but dropped significantly with BDO particle additions.…”

GmGSTU23 Encoding a Tau Class Glutathione S-Transferase Protein Enhances the Salt Tolerance of Soybean (Glycine max L.)

“…Salt stress will have a severe toxic effect on each growth stage of soybean plants, which will eventually leading to the loss of soybean yield and the reduction of soybean quality [ 51 , 52 , 53 ]. Predecessors studied the molecular mechanisms of soybean salt tolerance, and some genes were identified such as GmPAL1.1 , GmCHX1 , GmSALT3 , GmHKT1;4 , and GmbZIP44 [ 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. Meanwhile, the molecular mechanism of soybean GSTs under salt stress has not been thoroughly studied and identified.…”