Photobacterium phosphoreum Toxicity Data Index

Abstract

This toxicity data index gives a compilation of some 1350 acute toxicity data of individual organic compounds for the luminescent marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum, commonly known as Microtox™ test. The index contains 5-min, 15-min and 30-min toxicity data in both logarithmic (log (L/mmol) and non-logarithmic (mg/L) formats for approximately 1300 chemicals sorted by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) accession numbers. In addition to the toxicity data, this index reviews correlations of the luminescent bacteria toxicity test data with a multitude of other acute toxicity tests on aquatic and terrestrial species, with emphasis on the 96-hr acute lethality data of 200 individual chemicals to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). A high collinearity between these two tests is demonstrated over nearly ten orders of magnitude in toxicity variation as expressed on a molar basis for compounds acting with several known toxicity mechanisms. These results indicate the usefulness of the luminescent bacteria bioassay as a simple, fast and comparatively inexpensive alternative to in-vivo bioassays with higher organisms.

Toxicity Assessment of Pesticides Using the Microtox Test: Application to Environmental Samples

“…Cationic herbicides are the least toxic to the bacteria, with EC 50 values which were even higher than 3000 µg/mL. The toxicity values are consistent with those obtained by other authors for carbaryl, carbofuran, diazinon and malathion, but paraquat seems less toxic than the results reported in the literature [Kaiser and Palabrica 1991;Somasundaran et al 1990). For most of the compounds tested in this study no data are available in the literature.…”

“…According to the data obtained by different authors, the percentage of the solvent in the test solution should not be greater than 10%. Recommended percentages include 4% (Kwan and Dutka 1990), 5% (Kaiser and Palabrica 1991), 8% (Somasundaram et al 1990) and 10% (Kaiser and Ribo 1985).…”

“…Several microbioassays which provide standardized cultures of bacteria in freeze-dried form are now commercially available (Dutka et al 1991). During the last 10 years, the luminiscent bacteria toxicity test distributed commercially as Microtox has been used increasingly to assess the toxicity of environmental samples like water or sediments (Hoke et al 1993;Kaiser et al 1988; Kwan and Dutka 1990;Tay et al 1992), industrial waste samples (Din and Abu 1993;Lambolez et al 1994) and several groups of individual organic compounds (Kaiser and Palabrica 1991;Kaiser and Ribo 1985;Somasundaram et al 1990). The results of the Microtox assay have been compared to acute bioassays, with different organisms (bacteria, microcrustaceans, fishes) for a large number of pure compounds and complex mixtures.…”

Resorcinol degradation by a Penicillium chrysogenum strain under osmotic stress: mono and binary substrate matrices with phenol

“…In summary it has been shown that P. chrysogenum CLONA2 may find application in remediation of phenol and resorcinol contaminated saline water. Kaiser and Palabrica (1991) b Kahru et al (2000) …”

Wastewater Toxicity Assessment by Whole Cell Biosensor

“…The tests based on naturallyoccurring marine bioluminescent bacteria as used in the Microtox test (Photobacterium phosphoreum or Photobacterium fischeri) or the ToxAlert test (Photobacterium fischeri or Vibrio fischeri 1 are in widespread use and they correlate inhibition of luminescence with toxicity [12,[76][77][78]. The tests are rapid, and reliable toxicity testing has been demonstrated [74,[79][80][81][82]: indeed, their use has resulted in the production of extensive databases on the toxicity of pure chemicals [83]. Futhermore, the Microtox assay has become an important part of German wastewater monitoring and assessment as outlined in both the federal Water Resources Management Act and the Wastewater Charges Act [84].…”