Photochemistry and Transport of Carbon Monoxide in the Middle Atmosphere

Solomon, Susan; García, Rolando R.; Olivero, J. J.; Bevilacqua, R. M.; Schwartz, P. R.; Clancy, R. T.; Muhleman, D. O.

doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<1072:patocm>2.0.co;2

Cited by 112 publications

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“…Dissociation and ionisation reactions of molecular nitrogen are the source of NO, whereas CO is produced from the photolysis of CO 2 . NO and CO have a rather similar chemistry in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, as noted by Solomon et al (1985). Both molecules have rather short lifetimes in the sunlit mesosphere and lower thermosphere due to reactions with atomic oxygen in the case of CO and photolysis in the case of NO.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Mesospheric Airmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Both molecules have rather short lifetimes in the sunlit mesosphere and lower thermosphere due to reactions with atomic oxygen in the case of CO and photolysis in the case of NO. However, once they are transported into the dark high latitude winter atmosphere, their local lifetime increases, resulting in high mixing ratios in the wintertime mesosphere (Solomon et al, 1985;Siskind et al, 1997). Another tracer which shows significant differences between the stratosphere and the mesosphere is SF 6 .…”

Section: Characteristics Of Mesospheric Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to reactions taking place in the thermosphere and upper mesosphere, mesospheric air is enhanced in reactive nitrogen compounds (e.g. Solomon et al, 1985), which can effect ozone (e.g. Konopka et al, 2006 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observation of mesospheric air inside the arctic stratospheric polar vortex in early 2003

et al. 2006

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Abstract. During several balloon flights inside the Arctic polar vortex in early 2003, unusual trace gas distributions were observed, which indicate a strong influence of mesospheric air in the stratosphere. The tuneable diode laser (TDL) instrument SPIRALE (Spectroscopie Infra-Rouge par Absorption de Lasers Embarqués) measured unusually high CO values (up to 600 ppb) on 27 January at about 30 km altitude. The cryosampler BONBON sampled air masses with very high molecular Hydrogen, extremely low SF 6 and enhanced CO values on 6 March at about 25 km altitude. Finally, the MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometer showed NO y values which are significantly higher than NO y * (the NO y derived from a correlation between N 2 O and NO y under undisturbed conditions), on 21 and 22 March in a layer centred at 22 km altitude. Thus, the mesospheric air seems to have been present in a layer descending from about 30 km in late January to 25 km altitude in early March and about 22 km altitude on 20 March. We present corroborating evidence from a model study using the KASIMA (KArlsruhe SImulation model of the Middle Atmosphere) model that also shows a layer of mesospheric air, which descended into the stratosphere in November and early December 2002, before the minor warming which occurred in late December 2002 lead to a descent of upper stratospheric air, cutting off a layer in which mesospheric air is present. This layer then descended inside the vortex over the course of the winter. The same feature is found in trajectory calculations, based on a large number of trajectories started in the vicinity of the observations on 6 March. Based on the difference between the mean age derived from SF 6 (which has an irreversible mesoCorrespondence to: A. Engel (an.engel@meteor.uni-frankfurt.de) spheric loss) and from CO 2 (whose mesospheric loss is much smaller and reversible) we estimate that the fraction of mesospheric air in the layer observed on 6 March, must have been somewhere between 35% and 100%.

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Section: Characteristics Of Mesospheric Airmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Characteristics Of Mesospheric Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observation of mesospheric air inside the arctic stratospheric polar vortex in early 2003

et al. 2006

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“…At these altitudes, CO is also a useful dynamical tracer which can be used to study atmospheric transport processes, and, in particular, upward transport in high latitude summer regions and downward transport in the high latitude winter regions (e.g. Solomon et al, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO measurements from the ACE-FTS satellite instrument: data analysis and validation using ground-based, airborne and spaceborne observations

et al. 2008

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Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. constructed from averaged ACE-FTS data over China and completed with TES data over the 5 same area below 6 km. The vertical sensitivity of each CO sounding type of instrument is also 6 reported on the right-hand side of this plot. MW and TIR refer to millimeter-wave and 7 thermal infrared spectral regions, respectively. 8 Fig. 1. Schematic plot of a standard atmospheric CO profile, with the different sources of production (blue) and destruction/sinks (red) as a function of altitude. The CO profile was constructed from averaged ACE-FTS data over China and completed with TES data over the same area below 6 km. The vertical sensitivity of each CO sounding type of instrument is also reported on the right-hand side of this plot. MW and TIR refer to millimeter-wave and thermal infrared spectral regions, respectively.Abstract. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) mission was launched in August 2003 to sound the atmosphere by solar occultation. Carbon monoxide (CO), a good tracer of pollution plumes and atmospheric dynamics, is one of the key species provided by the primary instrument, the ACE-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). This instrument performs measurements in both the CO 1-0 and 2-0 ro-vibrational bands, from which vertically resolved CO concentration profiles are retrieved, from the mid-troposphere to the thermosphere. This paper presents an updated description of the ACE-FTS version 2.2 CO data product, along with a comprehensive validation of these profiles using available observations (February 2004 to December 2006. We have compared the CO partial columns with ground-based measurements using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and millimeter wave radiometry, and the volume mixing ratio profiles with airborne (both high-altitude balloon flight and airplane) observations. CO satellite observations provided by nadir-looking instruments (MOPITT and TES) as well as limb-viewing remote sensors (MIPAS, SMR and MLS) were also compared with the ACE-FTS CO products. We show that the ACE-FTS measurements provide CO profiles with small retrieval errors (better than 5% from the upper troposphere to 40 km, and better than 10% above). These observations agree well with the correlative measurements, considering the rather loose coincidence criteria in some cases. Based on the validation exercise we assess the following uncertainties to the ACE-FTS measurement data: better than 15% in the upper troposphere (8-12 km), than 30% in the lower stratosphere (12-30 km), and than 25% from 30 to 100 km.

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“…The regions of elevated NO 2 observed by POAM II coincided with localized 03 reductions of up to 40%. Solomon et al [1985] noted that the middle atmosphere chemistry of CO is roughly analogous to that of NO, with large quantities of both molecules produced in the sunlit lower thermosphere but rapidly destroyed in the sunlit mesosphere. During high-latitude winter, when photolysis is slow or nonexistent, downward mean meridional circulation transports large quantities of CO [Solomon et al, 1985] and NOy [Solomon et al, 1982;Siskind et al, 1997;Callis and Lambeth, 1998] from the source region to the mesosphere and stratosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polar stratospheric descent of NO_y and CO and Arctic denitrification during winter 1992–1993

Rinsland¹,

Salawitch²,

Gunson³

et al. 1999

J. Geophys. Res.

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Photochemistry and Transport of Carbon Monoxide in the Middle Atmosphere

Cited by 112 publications

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Observation of mesospheric air inside the arctic stratospheric polar vortex in early 2003

Observation of mesospheric air inside the arctic stratospheric polar vortex in early 2003

CO measurements from the ACE-FTS satellite instrument: data analysis and validation using ground-based, airborne and spaceborne observations

Polar stratospheric descent of NO_y and CO and Arctic denitrification during winter 1992–1993

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Photochemistry and Transport of Carbon Monoxide in the Middle Atmosphere

Cited by 112 publications

References 0 publications

Observation of mesospheric air inside the arctic stratospheric polar vortex in early 2003

Observation of mesospheric air inside the arctic stratospheric polar vortex in early 2003

CO measurements from the ACE-FTS satellite instrument: data analysis and validation using ground-based, airborne and spaceborne observations

Polar stratospheric descent of NOy and CO and Arctic denitrification during winter 1992–1993

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Polar stratospheric descent of NO_y and CO and Arctic denitrification during winter 1992–1993