Photoelectrochemical Lab-on-Paper Device Based on an Integrated Paper Supercapacitor and Internal Light Source

Abstract

In this work, a photoelectrochemical (PEC) method was introduced into a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μ-PAD), and thus, a truly low-cost, simple, portable, and disposable microfluidic PEC origami device (μ-PECOD) with an internal chemiluminescence light source and external digital multimeter (DMM) was demonstrated. The PEC responses of this μ-PECOD were investigated, and the enhancements of photocurrents in μ-PECOD were observed under both external and internal light sources compared with that on a traditional flat electrode counterpart. As a further amplification of the generated photocurrents, an all-solid-state paper supercapacitor was constructed and integrated into the μ-PECOD to collect and store the generated photocurrents. The stored electrical energy could be released instantaneously through the DMM to obtain an amplified (∼13-fold) and DMM-detectable current as well as a higher sensitivity than the direct photocurrent measurement, allowing the expensive and sophisticated electrochemical workstation or lock-in amplifier to be abandoned. As a model, sandwich adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding aptamers were taken as molecular reorganization elements on this μ-PECOD for the sensitive determination of ATP in human serum samples in the linear range from 1.0 pM to 1.0 nM with a detection limit of 0.2 pM. The specificity, reproducibility, and stability of this μ-PECOD were also investigated.

Paper-based diagnostic devices for clinical paraquat poisoning diagnosis

“…[42][43][44] PADs as pesticide detection devices may use photoelectrochemical or colorimetric assay platforms to indicate the presence of organophosphorus or carbamate pesticides to secure food quality. [45][46][47] Notably, we, and others, have developed PADs to analyze serum organophosphate level for organophosphate poisoning in patients. 48 To the best of our knowledge, few previous studies have examined the use of PADs for clinically diagnostic PQ detection.…”

Paper and Fiber-Based Bio-Diagnostic Platforms: Current Challenges and Future Needs

“…By opening a wide perspective into the bio-sensing domain, the application of papers and fibers has produced an obvious and important shift in the healthcare paradigm. However, several of the developed platforms suffer from a critical lack of reproducibility and limited detection options, as well as insufficient level of sensitivity [4,76]. In this perspective article, some of the principal challenges of the developed strategies and the opportunities for future development targets are discussed.…”

A photoelectrochemical biosensor for determination of DNA based on flower rod-like zinc oxide heterostructures

“…Increasing attention on PEC biosensors is a result of their good sensitivity and desirable analytical performance [2]. Because of the source separation for excitation and detection, PEC sensors can remove some undesirable background signals [3,4]. The marriage of optical methods and electrochemical approaches endows PEC sensors with small detection backgrounds and greatly high sensitivity [3][4][5][6].…”

“…Because of the source separation for excitation and detection, PEC sensors can remove some undesirable background signals [3,4]. The marriage of optical methods and electrochemical approaches endows PEC sensors with small detection backgrounds and greatly high sensitivity [3][4][5][6]. Owing to low background signal and desirable sensitivity, PEC bioassays have offered various elegant routes for biological recognition events [7,8].…”