Photon scanning tunneling microscopy of tailor-made photonic structures

Peeters, Cédric; Flück, E.; Otter, A.M.; Balistreri, M.L.M.; Korterik, Jeroen P.; Kuipers, L.; Hulst, Niek F. van

doi:10.1063/1.126903

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In all measurements discussed in this paper, coated fiber probes with aperture diameters of 80 nm were used. Previous investigations on strongly scattering structures showed that scattered light emanating from the structure can couple directly into the fiber probe [35] swamping the signal originating from the light propagating inside the structure. Local probing of field intensities with uncoated fiber probes therefore becomes impossible.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excitation of "leaky modes" can lead to a number of different discrete -vectors being present in the reflected light. "Leaky modes" are high loss modes, which are not supported by the waveguide geometry [35]. If scattering of light at the air rods excites leaky modes, an interference pattern with a fast exponential decay in front of the air rods is expected.…”

Section: Optical Intensity Distributions Of Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amplitude and phase evolution of optical fields inside periodic photonic structures

Flück

Hammer

Otter

et al. 2003

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Abstract-Optical amplitude distributions of light inside periodic photonic structures are visualized with subwavelength resolution. In addition, using a phase-sensitive photon scanning tunneling microscope, we simultaneously map the phase evolution of light. Two different structures, which consist of a ridge waveguide containing periodic arrays of nanometer scale features, are investigated. We determine the wavelength dependence of the exponential decay rate inside the periodic arrays. Furthermore, various interference patterns are observed, which we interpret as interference between light reflected by the substrate and light inside the waveguide. The phase information obtained reveals scattering phenomena around the periodic array, which gives rise to phase jumps and phase singularities. Locally around the air rods, we observe an unexpected change in effective refractive index, a possible indication for anomalous dispersion resulting from the periodicity of the array.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Optical Intensity Distributions Of Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amplitude and phase evolution of optical fields inside periodic photonic structures

Flück

Hammer

Otter

et al. 2003

J. Lightwave Technol.

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“…Furthermore, the heterodyne mixing yields enhancement of signal and dynamic range. This heterodyne interferometric method will give detailed information on the operation of many (novel) photonic structures: phasars [1], [2], MMIs [3], [4], microcavities [9], [10], photonic crystals [6]- [8], etc., in which the phase of light is crucial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For all photonic structures based on inter-ference, like phasars, MMIs, microcavities, and photonic crystals, determining the phase evolution of light inside the structure is crucial. In the case of microcavities [9], [10] and photonic crystals [6]- [8], the optical amplitude of the light inside the structures has been measured as a function of position (lateral resolution 50 nm) with a PSTM [9], [10], but the direct measurement of the phase is yet lacking. A number of theoretical papers have presented algebraic formulas that describe the phase of the output channels of phasars [1] and MMIs [13].…”

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confidence: 99%

Phase mapping of optical fields in integrated optical waveguide structures

Balistreri

Korterik

Kiupers

et al. 2001

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Abstract-The phase evolution of optical waves in a waveguide structure has been studied with a heterodyne interferometric photon scanning tunneling microscope. Both phase and amplitude of the local optical field are measured with subwavelength resolution. Topographical maps of the waveguide surface are obtained simultaneously with the optical information. Unexpected phase patterns, with phase jumps and phase singularities, have been observed. The phase patterns can be fully understood by taking into account the total field that is the sum of the optical fields of the various modes. We show that with the unique spatial phase information, the relative field profiles and wave vectors of all the excited modes in a multimodal waveguide structure can be determined independently.Index Terms-Microscopy, optical imaging, optical interferometry, optical planar waveguides, phase measurement.

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“…All these effects lead to attenuation of light, which makes the fabrication of low-loss photonic components difficult. FIB has been used to study various phenomena involving light in waveguides [2], [3] and allows the direct fabrication of structures such as photonic crystals [4], [5]. But to our knowledge there are few or no reports in literature about low-loss photonic devices fabricated in siliconon-insulator by means of FIB.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%