Photosystem I Patterning Imaged by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

Ciobanu, Mădălina; Kincaid, Helen; Jennings, G. Kane; Cliffel, David E.

doi:10.1021/la048075u

Cited by 42 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The PSI attaches to the hydroxyl-terminated surface by hydrogen bonding. Inspired by Greenbaum et al's report on the preferred orientation of PSI on short-chained hydroxyl-terminated monolayers (e.g., HSC 2 OH) [5], we believe that PSI should adsorb similarly on a better packed SAM (e.g., HSC 6 OH for our studies), because the terminal group was shown to control the orientation of the protein. Our previous work shows that we can form compact PSI monolayers on HSC 6 OH SAMs [6], and that might lead to enhanced electrochemical signals, which we now present.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The chemicals were purchased as follows: Na 4 6 , K 4 Fe(CN) 6 AE 3H 2 O, acetone, and methylene chloride from Fisher Scientific; 8-bromo-1-octanol, 11-mercapto-1-undecanol (HSC 11 OH), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (HSC 2 COOH), and EDTA from Aldrich Chemical; 1-dodecanethiol (HSC 11 CH 3 ), 2-mercaptoethanol (HSC 2 OH), 1-hexanethiol (HSC 5 CH 3 ), 2-aminoethanethiol hydrochloride (HSC 2 NH 2 ), methyl viologen dichloride hydrate (MVCl 2 , or MV 2+ ), sorbitol, ascorbic acid, thiourea, Triton X-100, HEPES, Tricine, and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane DNase, RNase, Protease free (TRIS) from Acros; Na 2 HPO 4 AE 7H 2 O, sodium ascorbate, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine (HSCH(CH 3 )-CONHCH 2 COOH, tiopronin), DL-dithiothreitol from Sigma; H 2 SO 4 and NaOH from EM Science; ethanol (absolute proof) from Aaper; hydroxylapatite fast-flow from Calbiochem; 4-mercapto-1-butanol (HSC 4 OH) and 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (HSC 6 OH) from Fluka; N 2 from Gibbs Welding Supply. All chemicals were used as received unless otherwise specified.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PSI suspension in 200 mM phosphate buffer pH 7, containing 1 mM Triton X-100 was stored at À80°C [19]. The extract contained PSI with approximately 40 chlorophyll molecules per P700 center which was characterized for chlorophyll concentration using 80% acetone [20] while the P700 concentration was determined by monitoring the chemically induced absorbance change (recording oxidized minus reduced spectra) as described by Baba et al [6,21].…”

Section: Photosystem I Extraction and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry of photosystem I adsorbed on hydroxyl-terminated monolayers

Ciobanu

Kincaid

et al. 2007

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photosystem I Extraction and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry of photosystem I adsorbed on hydroxyl-terminated monolayers

Ciobanu

Kincaid

et al. 2007

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry

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“…The PSI complexes were purifi ed by centrifugation at 20 000 g followed by column chromatography using a chilled hydroxylapatite column. [ 21 ] Excess surfactants and salts were removed using dialysis at a 1:2000 extract to water ratio. [ 9 ] The concentration of the resulting PSI solution was 7 × 10 −6 M with a chlorophyll concentration of 0.3 mg mL -1 as characterized by the methods of Porra [ 22 ] and Baba et al [ 23 ] Preparation of Reduced Graphene Oxide : Highly concentrated graphene oxide (graphene-supermarket.com) with an average fl ake size of 0.6-5 µm was diluted to a concentration of 0.1 mg mL -1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Photosystem I with Graphene Oxide for Photocurrent Enhancement

LeBlanc

Winter

Crosby

et al. 2014

Advanced Energy Materials

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matrixes, [ 5 ] the use of thick protein fi lms, [ 9 ] and the use of semiconductor electrode materials. [ 10,11 ] The integration of PSI with carbon nano-materials, however, has been limited. The work of Carmeli and co-workers demonstrated how PSI could be covalently attached to carbon nanotubes. [ 12 ] Additionally, our research group demonstrated how PSI could be interfaced as a monolayer on a graphene electrode. [ 13 ] The use of carbon nanostructures such as graphene and carbon nanotubes to develop nano-composite materials has become an area of great research interest due to the unique properties of these materials. [ 14 ] The time-consuming and challenging preparation of graphene, however, has resulted in the increased interest in graphene oxide (GO). [ 15 ] GO, the oxidized form of graphene, is easily generated through the oxidation and subsequent exfoliation of graphite. The oxygen functional groups enable GO to be dispersed in polar solvents (i.e., water) and further functionalized. However, because the conjugation of the system is disrupted, the conductivity of GO is fi ve orders of magnitude lower than graphite. [ 16 ] To regain conductivity, GO is commonly reduced to generate reduced graphene oxide (RGO). [ 17 ] Both GO and RGO have been incorporated with various materials to develop new functional composites. [ 18,19 ] The addition of GO and RGO is particularly attractive for PSIbased devises for a number of reasons. GO and RGO are both water-soluble, making the integration of these materials with PSI straightforward. Furthermore, the low cost and facile synthesis of GO and RGO make these materials ideal candidates for making inexpensive composite materials. The functional groups present on GO make possible the interaction with both the polar groups of PSI as well as the electrochemical mediator. However, the improved conductivity of RGO can facilitate electron transfer between the PSI complexes and the underlying electrode. Here we describe how incorporating either GO or RGO with PSI can improve the photoelectrochemical properties of p-doped silicon. Experimental SectionExtraction and Isolation of Photosystem I : Photosystem I complexes were isolated from commercially available baby spinach leaves as described previously. [ 11 ] Briefl y, the baby spinach was Photosystem I is a photoactive membrane protein used in nature to photoexcite electrons with nearly unit internal quantum effi ciency, sparking interest in using this biomaterial for solar energy conversion. Films of PSI deposited on p-doped silicon have previously demonstrated signifi cant photocurrents with an electrochemical mediator; however, improvement in electron transfer is needed. Here, it is investigated how PSI can be combined with graphene oxide (GO) or reduced graphene oxide (RGO) to generate composite fi lms capable of improved photoelectrochemical performance. It is found that both composite fi lms outperformed the PSI fi lm alone, and the PSI-GO composite fi lm is found to perform the best. The enhancement is attributed to the d...

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“…ð6Þ Next to feedback mode-based SECM [298], KFM is very useful for imaging the result of the patterning process, because in parallel to imaging it can be used to determine the electrical properties of the modified interface. It is based on determination of the surface potential of SAM-modified surfaces arising from the asymmetric electrical field that exists at the interface between two phases.…”

Section: Self Assembled Monolayersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidimensional electrochemical imaging in materials science

2007

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In the past 20 years the characterization of electroactive surfaces and electrode reactions by scanning probe techniques has advanced significantly, benefiting from instrumental and methodological developments in the field. Electrochemical and electrical analysis instruments are attractive tools for identifying regions of different electrochemical properties and chemical reactivity and contribute to the advancement of molecular electronics. Besides their function as a surface analytical device, they have proved to be unique tools for local synthesis of polymers, metal depots, clusters, etc. This review will focus primarily on progress made by use of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), conductive AFM (C-AFM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and surface potential measurements, for example Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM), for multidimensional imaging of potential-dependent processes on metals and electrified surfaces modified with polymers and self assembled monolayers.

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Photosystem I Patterning Imaged by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

Cited by 42 publications

References 41 publications

Electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry of photosystem I adsorbed on hydroxyl-terminated monolayers

Electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry of photosystem I adsorbed on hydroxyl-terminated monolayers

Integration of Photosystem I with Graphene Oxide for Photocurrent Enhancement

Multidimensional electrochemical imaging in materials science

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