Phylogenetics and taxonomy of the New World leafy spurges,EuphorbiasectionTithymalus(Euphorbiaceae)

Abstract

The 480 species of leafy spurges, Euphorbia subgenus Esula, represent the main temperate radiation in the large genus Euphorbia. This group is distributed primarily in temperate Eurasia, but with smaller, disjunct centres of diversity in the mountains of the Old World tropics, in temperate southern Africa and in the New World. The majority of New World diversity (32 species) occurs in a single section, section Tithymalus. We analysed sequences of the nrITS and plastid ndhF, trnH-psbA, trnS-trnG and trnD-trnT regions to reconstruct the phylogeny of section Tithymalus and to examine the origins and diversification of the species native to the New World. Our results indicate that the New World species of section Tithymalus form a clade that is sister to the widespread, weedy E. peplus. The New World species fall into two primary groups: a 'northern annual clade' from eastern North America and a diverse clade of both annual and perennial species that is divided into three subgroups. Within the second group, there is a small 'southern annual clade' from Texas and northern Mexico, a perennial 'Brachycera clade' from the western United States and northern Mexico, and a perennial 'Esuliformis clade' from montane areas of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras and the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. Ancestral state reconstructions indicate that the annual habit probably evolved in the ancestor of E. peplus and the New World clade, with a subsequent reversal to the perennial habit. In conjunction with this phylogenetic framework, the New World species of section Tithymalus are comprehensively reviewed.

Genetic characterization of a red colour morph of Euphorbia esula subsp. esula (Euphorbiaceae) in the floodplains of the Saône (Eastern France)

“…Recently, Geltman et al (2014) recognized that E. virgata has been erroneously treated as E. esula s. str. in North America, and that the later has never been widespread in North America (Peirson et al 2014). E. esula s. str.…”

Taxonomic revision and phytogeographic studies in Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in the Khorassan provinces of Iran

“…ex Rchb. (Peirson et al 2014). The same study further verified the presence four clades in Euphorbia and indicated that E. subgen.…”

Synopsis of Euphorbia subgen. Esula sect. Helioscopia (Euphorbiaceae) in Iran with the description of Euphorbia mazandaranica sp. nov.

“…Helioscopiae (annuals). According to recent phylogenetic studies on subgenus Esula using DNA sequence data (Kryukov et al 2010, Barres et al 2011, Frajman and Schönswetter 2011, Peirson et al 2014), it is clear that life history in subgen. Esula is not phylogenetically stable and thus not a reliable character for infrageneric classification.…”