Phylogeny of Malpighiaceae: evidence from chloroplast ndhF and trnl‐F nucleotide sequences

Abstract

The Malpighiaceae are a family of ∼1250 species of predominantly New World tropical flowering plants. Infrafamilial classification has long been based on fruit characters. Phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast DNA nucleotide sequences were analyzed to help resolve the phylogeny of Malpighiaceae. A total of 79 species, representing 58 of the 65 currently recognized genera, were studied. The 3′ region of the gene ndhF was sequenced for 77 species and the noncoding intergenic spacer region trnL‐F was sequenced for 65 species; both sequences were obtained for the outgroup, Humiria (Humiriaceae). Phylogenetic relationships inferred from these data sets are largely congruent with one another and with results from combined analyses. The family is divided into two major clades, recognized here as the subfamilies Byrsonimoideae (New World only) and Malpighioideae (New World and Old World). Niedenzu's tribes are all polyphyletic, suggesting extensive convergence on similar fruit types; only de Jussieu's tribe Gaudichaudieae and Anderson's tribes Acmanthereae and Galphimieae are monophyletic. Fleshy fruits evolved three times in the family and bristly fruits at least three times. Among the wing‐fruited vines, which constitute more than half the diversity in the family, genera with dorsal‐winged samaras are fairly well resolved, while the resolution of taxa with lateral‐winged samaras is poor. The trees suggest a shift from radially symmetrical pollen arrangement to globally symmetrical pollen at the base of one of the clades within the Malpighioideae. The Old World taxa fall into at least six and as many as nine clades.

Long-term morphological stasis maintained by a plant–pollinator mutualism

“…Eoglandulosa warmanensis Taylor and Crepet from the Eocene Upper Claiborne formation of northwestern Tennessee (43 Myr) (41, 68) provides a reliable stem node age for Byrsonima. Finally, Perisyncolporites pokornyi Germeraad et al (69) is found pantropically and provides a reliable stem node age for the stigmaphylloid clade (49 Myr) (70,(71)(72)(73)(74). The root node, which we set to a normal distribution of 125 ± 10 Myr, corresponds to the approximate age of the eudicot clade.…”

Explosive Radiation of Malpighiales Supports a Mid‐Cretaceous Origin of Modern Tropical Rain Forests

“…To estimate standard errors associated with divergence times, we used the parametric bootstrapping strategy outlined by Davis et al (2002): 100 data sets were simulated on the r8 smoothed topology using the computer software Seq-Gen version 1.2.7 (Rambaut and Grassly 1997); re- [18][19][20] Perisyncolporites pokornyi Pollen Middle Eocene (49.0) Colombia Note: Each fossil taxon provides a reliable minimum age estimate for taxa sampled in this study. In the case of palynofossils, we selected only pollen types that were easily assignable to taxa included in our phylogenetic analyses.…”

Linajes de angiospermas endémicas en México: zonas de alto endemismo para la conservación

“…Fouquieria and Leucophyllum are arid land groups in Mega-Mexico (Henrickson & Flyr, 1985;Schultheis & Baldwin, 1999). Enigmatic genera like Velascoa (Crossosomataceae) (Sosa & Chase, 2003), Chiangiodendron (Achariaceae) (Sosa et al, 2005), Enriquebeltrania (Euphorbiaceae) (De-Nova et al, 2006), Cerdia (Caryophyllaceae) , Olmeca (Bambusoideae, Poaceae) (Dávila-Aranda et al, 2004;Ruiz-Sanchez et al, 2011), Peltophorum (Leguminosae) (Sousa, 2005), the parasitic Eremitilla (Orobanchaceae) (Yatskievych & Contreras-Jiménez, 2009), Echinopterys (Malpighiaceae) (Davis et al, 2001), Nowickea (Phytolaccaceae) (Martínez & McDonald, 1989), and Mexipedium (Orchidaceae) (Albert & Chase, 1992) are endemic to Mexico, to mention just a few examples. We recorded 259 monophyletic angiosperm groups endemic to Mega-Mexico.…”