Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks

Siegesmund, Siegfried; Dürrast, Helmut

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14475-2_3

Cited by 94 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…By analysing Figure 1 it is evident that CS absorbs water more quickly than AF (if comparing the first part of the curve of the two stones), while AF absorbs the major water quantity due to its higher open porosity (the second part curve), coherently to the porosity values reported in Table 1. The difference of the capillary suction rate between CS and AF is related to the pore diameter and open porosity [14]. CS, due to the presence of macroporosity, absorbs water faster than AF, characterized by microporosity (Table 1) [15].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared Thermography technique (IRT) for the evaluation of the hydric behavior of building stones

Forestieri

Buergo

2018

ACTA IMEKO

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The water distribution into stone specimens in laboratory conditions is evaluated through the infrared thermography method (IRT). Porous building stones samples (calcarenite and sandstone) are examined under stable laboratory conditions (controlled temperature and relative humidity) in order to simulate the same hydric behavior in real scale of material systems <em>in situ.</em> Hydric tests monitored through IRT are performed in order to analyze the capillary water absorption and evaporation transport phenomena into stone samples. IRT technique allows to record thermal images at different intervals of time highlighting the internal capillary and evaporation rise heights, responsible for the majority of decay processes occurring in masonries. The geometric shape of the damped area and the time of spreading are directly related to the open porosity of the investigated stone materials. Hydric tests are repeated for each splitting plane of the specimens (faces), in order to obtain useful results that could be applied for real masonries. Results demonstrate the usefulness of IRT as a non-destructive and portable technique in the field of new construction and for restoration purposes, as well as its importance in characterizing the physical stone features and the effectiveness of applied conservation treatments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared Thermography technique (IRT) for the evaluation of the hydric behavior of building stones

Forestieri

Buergo

2018

ACTA IMEKO

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“…However, the test equipment did not allow direct measurements of the fundamental resonance frequency. Therefore, the dynamic modulus of elasticity was determined through the use of sound wave propagation velocities obtained from ultrasound tests performed on four flexural test specimens with bowing, and using the Poisson coefficients range found in literature for calcite marbles (0.25 to 0.41 [9][10][11][12][13]).…”

Section: Experimental Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ssd is the design load or stress determined from the combinations defined in Eurocode 0 [33], i.e., the combination of the characteristic values of wind (Wk), calculated through Eurocode 1 [17], and the self-weight of the slabs (Gk), which is calculated through the average density of marble stone (2700 kg/m 3 ) found in literature [6,[9][10][11][12][13], acting simultaneously:…”

Section: Numerical Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As mentioned before, bowing seems more frequent in marble cladding; therefore, it is important to know some properties of this type stone. According to scientific and technical literature [6,[9][10][11][12][13], the marble can be characterized as a metamorphic stone consisting essentially of calcite crystals (94% to 99%), or more rarely of dolomite crystals, and may contain other minerals in smaller quantities (mica, quartz, dolomite, graphite, among others). Most calcite marbles are white or approximately white and may have veins given by the presence of other minerals (mentioned above).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is necessary to characterize their properties experimentally on a case-by-case basis. However, some mean values for the properties of white calcite marbles under initial conditions of use (such as "Carrara", "Évora/Estremoz", among others) can be found in literature [6,[9][10][11][12][13]: The occurrence of anomalies related to bowing in marble slabs suggest that there is a need to control the effects or to predict the tendency of bowing in real on-site cladding applications. This seems possible according to experimental investigations and the recently published European standard test method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Durability of Stone Cladding in Buildings: A Case Study of Marble Slabs Affected by Bowing

Sousa

2019

Buildings

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Bowing is an uncommon pathology that can affect marble stone cladding of building façades, causing a large permanent deflection and the degradation of the flexural and anchoring strength of the stone slabs, which can lead to the cladding falling from the façades. Moreover, the combination of bowing with wind pressure effects on the building façades can increase the risk of fracture and collapse of the stone slabs, especially if this combination is not properly evaluated during design. Motivated by a case study, this work describes a stability evaluation of a 15-year-old building façade coated with marble stone cladding affected by bowing and subjected to wind pressures. This evaluation was focused on the stone slabs, and was performed through finite element model (FEM) numerical simulations of these slabs submitted to wind pressures and through lab tests using samples of stone slabs removed from the building façade. The results obtained demonstrated stability problems on the stone slabs caused by wind pressure-induced stresses combined with the loss of strength due to aging and bowing effects, especially for slabs with larger dimensions.

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The role of rock surface hardness and internal moisture in tafoni development in sandstone

Mol

Viles

2011

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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The development of cavernous weathering features such as tafoni remains poorly understood. In particular, the roles played by internal moisture and case hardening remain unclear. In this study, Electric Resistivity Tomography (ERT) has been used to map moisture distribution within inner walls of tafoni developed in sandstone, and an Equotip device used to measure rock surface hardness as a proxy measure of the degree of weathering and case hardening. Seven large tafoni in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park (South Africa), varying in size and degree of development have been monitored. A dynamic relationship between surface hardness, degree of weathering and internal moisture regimes has been found. We propose a new conceptual model which illustrates the complex interaction between case hardening and internal moisture and suggests a new direction for cavernous weathering research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Physical and Mechanical Properties of Rocks

Cited by 94 publications

References 84 publications

Infrared Thermography technique (IRT) for the evaluation of the hydric behavior of building stones

Infrared Thermography technique (IRT) for the evaluation of the hydric behavior of building stones

Durability of Stone Cladding in Buildings: A Case Study of Marble Slabs Affected by Bowing

The role of rock surface hardness and internal moisture in tafoni development in sandstone

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