Physico-chemical and gel properties of heat-induced pasteurized liquid egg white gel: effect of alkyl chain length of alcohol

Charoensuk, Danai; Brannan, Robert G.; Chaiyasit, Wilailuk; Chanasattru, Wanlop

doi:10.1080/10942912.2021.1960371

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…Nonetheless, from the observation, we can confirm that the PF-127, P-407, and combined PF-127 + P-407 forms optimized gel formation at 18 wt%, 19 wt%, and 9:10 wt%, respectively. Thus, this evidence confirmed that in the case of poloxamerbased hydrogel, the molecular weights don't significantly impact the gelation temperature [42,43]. Furthermore, all these compositions exhibit a smooth sol-to-gel transformation at 28℃ to 37℃, which is crucial for the internal in-situ application.…”

Section: Optimization Of Gelation Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 74%

ECM-mimetic, NSAIDs loaded thermo-responsive, immunomodulatory hydrogel for rheumatoid arthritis treatment

Shah,

Ghosh,

et al. 2024

BMC Biotechnol

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Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, and it leads to irreversible inflammation in intra-articular joints. Current treatment approaches for RA include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), corticosteroids, and biological agents. To overcome the drug-associated toxicity of conventional therapy and transdermal tissue barrier, an injectable NSAID-loaded hydrogel system was developed and explored its efficacy. Results The surface morphology and porosity of the hydrogels indicate that they mimic the natural ECM, which is greatly beneficial for tissue healing. Further, NSAIDs, i.e., diclofenac sodium, were loaded into the hydrogel, and the in vitro drug release pattern was found to be burst release for 24 h and subsequently sustainable release of 50% drug up to 10 days. The DPPH assay revealed that the hydrogels have good radical scavenging activity. The biocompatibility study carried out by MTT assay proved good biocompatibility and anti-inflammatory activity of the hydrogels was carried out by gene expression study in RAW 264.7 cells, which indicate the downregulation of several key inflammatory genes such as COX-2, TNF-α & 18s. Conclusion In summary, the proposed ECM-mimetic, thermo-sensitive in situ hydrogels may be utilized for intra-articular inflammation modulation and can be beneficial by reducing the frequency of medication and providing optimum lubrication at intra-articular joints. Graphical Abstract

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Section: Optimization Of Gelation Temperaturesupporting

confidence: 74%

ECM-mimetic, NSAIDs loaded thermo-responsive, immunomodulatory hydrogel for rheumatoid arthritis treatment

Shah,

Ghosh,

et al. 2024

BMC Biotechnol

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“…Fourth, proteins in the homeopathic medicines should be present in denatured and/or partially denatured state (denatured proteins are unfolded proteins) as ethyl alcohol, a component of the homeopathic drug vehicle, denatures proteins partially or completely. The degree of denaturation depends on the concentration of alcohol and the characteristics of the proteins [55]. Incidentally, proteins have a tendency to form aggregates, especially in their denatured or partially denatured states [56].…”

Section: Experimental Support For the Hypothesis And Some Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adhering to mainstream concepts homeopathic therapy interpreted as a combination of non-specific and protein-based antigen-specific immunotherapy

Sen¹

2023

Preprint

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The absence of drugs in ultra-diluted homeopathic medicines and unfavourable clinical trial results portray homeopathic remedies as placebos. Here, it is proposed that homeopathic therapy is a combination of non-specific and antigen-specific mucosal immunotherapy in crude form. The non-specific immunotherapy is mediated by immunomodulatory microbial lysates (disintegration products of microbial cells) present in homeopathic medicines, given that ubiquitous microorganisms from the surrounding environment are unknowingly and unavoidably incorporated into the homeopathic medicines during their preparation and are killed and lysed in alcohol-water vehicle under shaking (‘potentization’) forming microbial lysates whose major ingredients are proteins. As proteins readily interact with a variety of substances, drugs in the homeopathic medicines should bind to the proteins. The drug binding modulates the conformation and effectively, the immunogenicity of the proteins and the latter (designated as drug-modulated proteins) are the agents of antigen-specific immunotherapy. The hypothesis gets some support from the observations that homeopathic medicines elicit immunomodulatory response. Also, the hypothesis without invoking any disputed theory explains the basic tenets of homeopathy and associated controversies like the medicinal properties of ultra-dilutions, where protein-protein interactions via allostery and vibration synchronization bring about conformational modulation of protein molecules in the absence of drugs. As immunotherapy via homeopathic medicines is accidental and accordingly, in rudimentary form, homeopathic treatment (including medicines) cannot be optimal from the standpoint of immunotherapy. Hence, clinical trials in homeopathy may show inconsistent results. However, probing and refining homeopathy from the perspective of immunotherapy may bring forth a novel, simple and affordable immunotherapy.

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“…Alcohol (ethanol), a component of the drug vehicle, can denature proteins (partially or completely, depending on the concentration of alcohol and the characteristics of the proteins) by disrupting their tertiary structure [56]. Even vigorous shaking denatures proteins [57].…”

Section: What Is the Origin Of Microbial Lysates In Homeopathic Medic...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Conformationally modulated immunogenic proteins in homeopathic medicines: Does protein-based mucosal immunotherapy have the potential to treat diverse diseases?

Sen¹

2022

Preprint

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The absence of any drug in the ultra-diluted homeopathic medicines coupled with unfavourable clinical trial results has painted homeopathic remedies as placebos. Different mechanisms have been forwarded to explain the anomalies but with little success. Here it is proposed that homeopathy is a form of protein-based immunotherapy and the immunogenic proteins exist in the microbial lysates, which are present in the homeopathic medicines. The microbial lysates are formed in the homeopathic medicines during their preparation, when microbes from the surrounding environment are unwittingly incorporated into the homeopathic medicines and the microbial cell lysis is induced by alcohol, a component of the drug vehicle (water-alcohol mixture), and augmented by powerful shaking. The drugs in the homeopathic medicines modulate the conformations and, in essence, the immunogenicity of the proteins present in the medicines. The modulated proteins act as immunostimulants and help in boosting and tuning both innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, bystander T cell activation and trained immunity are expected to play important roles in the therapeutic and prophylactic actions of the homeopathic medicines. The importance of dilution in homeopathy vis-à-vis the ‘law of infinitesimals’ can be appreciated by considering the effect of dilution on protein folding and the immunogenicity of proteins. In the case of ultra-diluted homeopathic medicines devoid of any drug molecule, it has been suggested that in the absence of drug-protein interaction, protein-protein interaction leads to the conformational modulation of protein molecules, where allosteric communication and synchronization of vibrating of the protein molecules play key roles. The dictum ‘like cures like’ can be understood by considering the mimicry between the antigens present on the invading pathogen and the antigens present on the proteins in the selected homeopathic medicine. The discrepancies in the clinical trial results of homeopathic medicines arising from the heterogeneities inherent in immunotherapy as well as from a strong placebo response in the clinical trials in some diseases may partly be mitigated by conducting modified clinical trials.

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Physico-chemical and gel properties of heat-induced pasteurized liquid egg white gel: effect of alkyl chain length of alcohol

Cited by 5 publications

References 56 publications

ECM-mimetic, NSAIDs loaded thermo-responsive, immunomodulatory hydrogel for rheumatoid arthritis treatment

ECM-mimetic, NSAIDs loaded thermo-responsive, immunomodulatory hydrogel for rheumatoid arthritis treatment

Adhering to mainstream concepts homeopathic therapy interpreted as a combination of non-specific and protein-based antigen-specific immunotherapy

Conformationally modulated immunogenic proteins in homeopathic medicines: Does protein-based mucosal immunotherapy have the potential to treat diverse diseases?

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