Physiologic and biochemical effects of subarachnoidally administered xylazine and medetomidine in goats

Effect of bupivacaine on epidural analgesia produced by xylazine or medetomidine in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

“…The decrease in RT observed in buffalo calves, after the administration of xylazine, medetomidine or their combinations with bupivacaine might have been caused by sedation, reduced metabolism, muscle relaxation and depression of the CNS (Kinjavdekar et al 2000). In addition, alpha-2 agonists may induce prolonged depression of thermoregulation as reported by Ponder & Clarke (1980) in cats.…”

Physiologic effects of electroacupuncture combined with intramuscular administration of xylazine to provide analgesia in goats

“…1,23 Although EA alone did not affect MAP and heart rate significantly, the decrease in MAP and heart rate was of a greater magnitude in goats given xylazine alone than in goats given the combination of EA plus xylazine, which showed that the EA improved MAP and heart rate. 1,23 Although EA alone did not affect MAP and heart rate significantly, the decrease in MAP and heart rate was of a greater magnitude in goats given xylazine alone than in goats given the combination of EA plus xylazine, which showed that the EA improved MAP and heart rate.…”

“…22,23 Obviously, this method is influenced by subjective factors. 22,23 Obviously, this method is influenced by subjective factors.…”

Effects of Electroacupuncture of Different Frequencies on the Release Profile of Endogenous Opioid Peptides in the Central Nerve System of Goats

“…But it is not applicable for larger experimental animals (such as cattle and goats) because of their thick skin and hard hoof structure. The level of analgesia in these animals is commonly determined by scores based on an animal's response to a pinprick at a particular region [22, 23]. Obviously, this method is influenced by subjective factors.…”