Phytochemical and biological features of Phyllanthus niruri and Phyllanthus urinaria harvested at different growth stages revealed by 1 H NMR-based metabolomics

Abstract

a b s t r a c tSeveral studies have suggested that plants are potential sources of bioactive compounds. Phyllanthus is a plant genus that has been used in traditional medicine due to its phytomedicinal metabolites content. The variation between two Phyllanthus species (P. niruri and P. urinaria) was studied using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) combined with multivariate data analysis (MVDA). The total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity and ␣-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the Phyllanthus species were also evaluated and correlated with their phytochemical constituents at different growth stages (8, 10 and 12 weeks) using partial least square regression (PLS). Principal component analysis (PCA) and PLS indicated separation between the two species based on the identified metabolites and the screened bioactivities. A comparison of the two species indicated that P. urinaria was separated from P. niruri due to its larger quantity of fatty and amino acids, choline, phyllanthin and sucrose. However, P. niruri contained higher quantities of hypophyllanthin and phenolic compounds. The loading column plot, which was used to compare the P. niruri at different growth stages, indicated that the eight-week-old plant contained a higher amount of fatty acids, amino acids (leucine and alanine), phyllanthin and choline. The dominant substances in the P. niruri at 10 weeks of growth by PC1 were identified as hypophyllanthin, malic acid, sucrose, and identified phenolics. The 12 week sample was differentiated by its higher sugars contents as well as malic acid and leucine. The harvested samples of both Phyllanthus species at ten weeks of age exhibited significant bioactivities with the highest content and number of metabolites.

Ultrasonic-extraction of phenolic compounds from Phyllanthus urinaria: optimization model and antioxidant activity

“…The phenolic compounds and vitamin C exhibits a concentration-dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of the phenolic compounds is 33.60 μg/mL, which is close to the reported results (28.16 μg/mL) by Mediani (Mediani et al, 2015). IC 50 of vitamin C is 28.43 μg/mL.…”

Discrimination and Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activity Correlation of Ajwa Dates from Different Grades and Origin

“…Cinnamic acid, gallic acid and quercetin were among the compounds that strongly influenced the discrimination of 1A from 1B ( Figure 4C). The results as shown in Figure 4C,D were consistent with the observations of the loading column plot (Supplementary Materials Figure S3), which suggested that the compounds illustrated in Figure 4C displayed high reliability as chemical markers since their respective standard deviations did not cross the X-axis of the column plot [20]. In contrast, all metabolites in Grade 3 samples (3A and 3U) did not show a strong correlation with their contribution to separation, and this is reflected by the weak separation between clusters in the scores plot ( Figure 4D).…”

Antioxidant Activity of Phyllanthus niruri Extract, Rutin and Quercetin

“…(26) Mediani, et al, reported that P. niruri contained a high amount of rutin, followed by gallic acid, quercetin. (27) The phenolic compound gallic acid and ellagic acid found in P. niruri have been demonstrated to possess antioxidant activity and cancer chemopreventive abilities. (28) Rutin can reduce the risk of arteriosclerosis, anti-inflammatory and vasoactive properties, reduce coronary heart disease, and anticancer properties.…”