Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiles of Three Fagopyrum Buckwheats

Abstract

The genus Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae), currently comprising 15 species of plants, includes three important buckwheat species: Fagopyrum esculentum (F. esculentum) Moench. (common buckwheat), Fagopyrum tataricum (F. tataricum) (L.) Gaertn. (tartary buckwheat) and Fagopyrum dibotrys (F. dibotrys) (D. Don) Hara. (perennial buckwheat), which have been well explored due to their long tradition of both edible and medicinal use. This review aimed to present an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of the three Fagopyrum buckwheats. In addition, the scope for future research was also discussed. All available references included in this paper were compiled from major databases, such as MEDLINE, Pubmed, Scholar, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley and CNKI. A total of 106 compounds isolated from three Fagopyrum buckwheats can be mainly divided into six classes: flavonoids, phenolics, fagopyritols, triterpenoids, steroids and fatty acids. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds were considered to be the major active components. Considerable pharmacological experiments both in vitro and in vivo have validated that Fagopyrum buckwheats possess antitumor, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic activities, etc. All reported data lead us to conclude that Fagopyrum buckwheats have convincing medicinal potential. However, further research is needed to explore its bioactive constituents, the relationship to their structural activities and the molecular mechanisms of action.

Studies Regarding Treatments of Led-s Emitted Light on Sprouting Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench

“…The working method, in terms of the vegetal biological material Fagopyrum esculentum Moench., has involved the compliance with the work conditions at the hood and it consisted of the following: seeds aseptization, by means of ethylic alcohol solution (C 6 The incubation conditions provided for the temperature of 21°C ± 2°C, as well as for the enforcement of treatments for 16 hours within 24 h period of time (Lin et al, 2013). Treatments have been applied after the first 72 h. During the first 72 h, seeds have been kept in the dark.…”

“…(buckwheat), of Polygonaceae family and Fagopyrum type (Jing et al, 2016), is a species of an annual herbaceous plant, originating from Tibet, having multiple uses in human food, zootechnical industry, apiculture and human medicine (Pârvu, 1997). This is a species with valuable composition seeds (proteins, food fibers, lipids with unsaturated fats, vitamins, amino acids, antioxidants, phenols, flavonoids -Pârvu, 1997; Alvarez-Jubete et al, 2010; Jing et al, 2016;Park, 2017), for human nutrition. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.…”

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“…Several types of bioactive phenolics including flavonoids, condensed tannins, and phenylpropanoids and phenol derivatives were isolated from those buckwheat species. Flavonoids in Fagopyrum buckwheats exhibited remarkable antioxidant and cardio-cerebral vascular protective effects hence they were considered important dietary supplements 6 . It has been reported that buckwheat seed powder solution shows non Newtonian flow and it can be used as biodegradable polymer in various dosage forms 7 .…”

A review on Fagopyrum esculentum: A potential medicinal plant

“…Four catechins and rutin were isolated from ethanol extracts of Fagopyrum esculentum groats. The structures of these catechins were established as (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (−)-epicatechin 3-O-p-hydroxybenzoate, and (−)-epicatechin 3-O-(3,4-di-O-methyl) gallate [63].Chemical analysis showed that the plant also contained, cyclitol: (fagopyritol A1, fagopyritol A2, fagopyritol A3, fagopyritol B1, fagopyritol B2 and fagopyritol B3); triterpenoids: (olean-12-en-3-ol and urs-12-en-3-ol); steroids: (6-hydroxystigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one, S-methylcholesterol, stigmast-5-en-3-ol, stigmast-5,24-dien-3-ol and trans-stigmast-5,22-dien-3-ol); fatty Acids: (6, 7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-octa-2(Z),4(E)-dienoic acid, 6, 7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-octa-2(E),4(E)-dienoic acid and 4, 7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-octa-2(E), 5(E)-dienoic acid); γ-tocopherol and squalene [64][65][66][67].Buckwheat has a strong characteristic aroma. Volatiles from a freshly ground buckwheat flour were extracted by different methods The compounds with the highest contribution to the buckwheat aroma were: 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2 H )-furanone, (E, E)-2,4-decadienal, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, ( E )-2-nonenal, decanal, hexanal and salicylaldehyde (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) [68].…”