Phytochemical Profile, Free Radical Scavenging and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Acalypha Indica Root Extract: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Abstract

In our in vitro and in vivo studies, we used Acalypha indica root methanolic extract (AIRME), and investigated their free radical scavenging/antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Primarily, phytochemical analysis showed rich content of phenols (70.92 mg of gallic acid/g) and flavonoids (16.01 mg of rutin/g) in AIRME. We then performed HR-LC-MS and GC-MS analyses, and identified 101 and 14 phytochemical compounds, respectively. Among them, ramipril glucuronide (1.563%), antimycin A (1.324%), swietenine (1.134%), quinone (1.152%), oxprenolol (1.118%), choline (0.847%), bumetanide (0.847%) and fenofibrate (0.711%) are the predominant phytomolecules. Evidence from in vitro studies revealed that AIRME scavenges DPPH and hydroxyl radicals in a concentration dependent manner (10–50 μg/mL). Similarly, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation were also remarkably inhibited by AIRME as concentration increases (20–100 μg/mL). In vitro antioxidant activity of AIRME was comparable to ascorbic acid treatment. For in vivo studies, carrageenan (1%, sub-plantar) was injected to rats to induce localized inflammation. Acute inflammation was represented by paw-edema, and significantly elevated (p < 0.05) WBC, platelets and C-reactive protein (CRP). However, AIRME pretreatment (150/300 mg/kg bodyweight) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased edema volume. This was accompanied by a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of WBC, platelets and CRP with both doses of AIRME. The decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase in paw tissue were restored (p < 0.05 / p < 0.01) with AIRME in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, AIRME attenuated carrageenan-induced neutrophil infiltrations and vascular dilation in paw tissue. For the first time, our findings demonstrated the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of AIRME, which could be considered to develop novel anti-inflammatory drugs.

Evaluation of In Vivo Wound-Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Solvent Fractions of Fruits of Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae)

“…Tis may also indicate that the active components are diferentially concentrated in the EAF and n-HFs. Additionally, it is conceivable to infer that nonpolar secondary metabolites prevent the carrageenan from inducing rat paw edema which is supported by studies [96,97].…”

Effects of Acalypha indica L. Extract on Inflammatory Response in The Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Overview of TLR9, NFκB and TNFα Expression in Hepatocytes and Macrophages of Sprague-Dawley Rats

“…Preparations of target proteins for TLR9, NFκB and TNFα were taken from the database (RSCB PDB after screening database compounds with Herbaldb used Ligand Scout 4.4.8 software and from publication. 5,6,7 Meanwhile, the ligand preparation will be downloaded from the Pubchem database. The phytochemical compounds from Acalypha indica L., were used as ligands, based on molecular docking predictions.…”

“…These mechanisms can lead to hypertriglyceridemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, with the etiology of metabolic syndrome. 21 Sahukari et al, in 2021, 6 also showed that the compounds contained in the roots of Acalypha indica L., can be attached to inflammatory proteins such as NFκB, as well as cytokines TNFα and IL1β based on molecular docking predictions, as well as in vivo tests including the results of haematological examination level of leukocytes and platelets on rat serum with histopathological examination and analysis of carrageenan-induced edema (paw test). 6 TLR9 is well expressed on Kupffer cells either in the foci of inflammation or between the sinusoidal spaces.…”

“…Based on its predictions of ADME and toxicity, it has been described a safety for using in humans. Sahukari, et al, in 2021, 6 also revealed that more than one hundred compounds predicted from the extract of the Acalypha indica plant with polar solutions in the form of methanolic extract of Acalypha indica roots were considered capable of having anti-inflammatory effects related to the NFκB pathway, as well as TNFα and IL1β cytokines. It was also had been proven by in vivo studied, where Acalypha indica roots extract can reduce the volume of leg edema in rats, using the paw test.…”

Comparing the effect of Centella asiatica L. and Acalypha indica L. treatment to carbonyl and glutathione level in the brains of old rats

“…Centella asiatica (CA), widely known as "pegagan," is believed to have high antioxidant activity due to their ability to scavenge free radicals [1][2][3]. Similarly, Acalypha indica (AI) is reported to have antioxidant activity depending on the dose of extract used [4]. Furthermore, the two plants have been shown to protect against liver damage in post-hypoxic conditions [5].…”