Phytochemicals of algae, Arthospira platensis (spirulina) Chlorella vulgaris (chlorella) and Azolla pinnata (azolla)

Abstract

The present investigation was carried out to understand the proximate composition, and the secondary phytochemical compounds and their metabolites present in algae, spirulina, chlorella and azolla. Spirulina contains a rich source of crude protein (58.94%), followed by chlorella (47.08%) and azolla (21.82%). The content of crude fat was higher in chlorella (5.68%), followed by azolla (4.00%) and spirulina (1.54%). The crude fibre level was found to be higher in azolla (26.21%), followed by chlorella (2.87%) and spirulina (1.00%). The gross energy was higher in chlorella (4,377 kcal/kg), followed by spirulina (4,183 kcal/kg) and azolla (3,295 kcal/kg). The secondary phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannis, polyphenols, saponins, cardiac glycoside and quinones in these algae at different levels. The GC-MS analysis showed presence of 11 metabolic compounds, of which 5 from petroleum etheric extract and 6 from methanolic extract. The chlorella showed presence of 14 secondary metabolites, of which 5 from petroleum etheric extract and 9 from methanolic extract. In azolla, there were 13 secondary metabolic compounds, of which 6 from petroleum etheric extract and 7 from methanolic extract. Therefore, a total of 38 secondary metabolites, which includes 12 different bioactive principle compounds, were identified in these algae. Docosane was found to be present both in spirulina and azolla. Similarly, Tetradecanoic acid was found to be present both in spirulina and chlorella. The remaining ten bioactive principle compounds are species specific, such as 9-octadecenal; and Hexadecanoic acid are for spirulina, Dodecanoic acid; 6,7-Dimethoxy-2-tetralone; 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol; Phenol, 2-methoxy-5-(1-propenyl)-,(E); Cycloheptane,1,3,5-tris(methylene); 4-(6,6-Dimethyl-2-methylenecyclohex-3-enylidene)pentan-2-ol; and Loliolide are for chlorella, and cis-2-[2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl]ethanol is for azolla. Thus, these algae are rich in natural organic compounds. Their pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potencies need to be studied.

Peningkatan Kadar Fenolik Total dari Chlorella sp. Menggunakan Cekaman Radiasi Ultraviolet-B

“…mengandung asam amino/protein, asam lemak/lipid, klorofil, karotenoid, vitamin, mineral, enzim, asam nukleat, dan senyawa fitokimia lainnya yang menguntungkan bagi manusia (Singh et al, 2019;Malothu, 2020). Senyawa fitokimia atau metabolit sekunder yang ditemukan di antaranya alkaloid, terpenoid, fenolik, flavonoid, tannin, kuinon, glikosida, dan saponin (Hamdy et al, 2020;Pradhan et al, 2021;Thangaraj et al, 2022). Metabolit sekunder terbesar yang teridentifikasi dalam ekstrak metanol C. vulgaris oleh Prabakaran et al (2018) adalah golongan fenolik, diikuti oleh alkaloid, terpenoid, glikosida, flavonoid, dan yang paling kecil adalah tannin.…”

“…Menurut Zeb (2020), selain transfer elektron, aktivitas antioksidan yang dapat dilakukan oleh senyawa fenolik adalah dengan cara mentransfer hidrogen dan sebagai pengkelat logam transisi (oksidator) penyebab terbentuknya oksidan. Beberapa hasil penelitian sebelumnya mengungkapkan bahwa bioaktivitas fenolik tidak terbatas sebagai antioksidan saja, tetapi dapat juga sebagai antimikroba, antivirus, antikanker, antidiabetes, dan anti-inflamasi (Mateos et al, 2020 ;Thangaraj et al, 2022). Hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai acuan dalam pemanfaatan cekaman radiasi UV-B untuk memicu peningkatan produksi senyawa fenolik, meskipun tidak berdampak terhadap peningkatan aktivitas penangkalan radikal bebas.…”

“…Senyawa fenolik memiliki beragam bioaktivitas yang bisa dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan manusia. Fenolik dari alga laut memiliki sifat sebagai antimikroba, antivirus, antikanker, antidiabetes, antioksidan, ataupun anti-inflamasi (Mateos et al, 2020 ;Thangaraj et al, 2022). Mikroalga yang kaya senyawa fenolik di antaranya adalah Chlorella sp.…”

Orange peels and Chlorella vulgaris supplementation ameliorate gamma radiation‐induced oxidative stress by regulating TGF‐β and NOX2/NOX4 signaling pathways

“…It exhibited no mutagenicity, reflecting the safety to use as a dietary supplement 23 . C. vulgaris is believed to be a good source of “proteins, essential amino acids, carbohydrates, dietary fibers, fatty acids, nucleic acids, vitamins, growth factors, minerals, and chlorophyll.” 24,25 Thangaraj et al 26 reported that C. vulgaris is a rich source of crude protein (47.08%), crude fat (5.68%), crude fiber level (2.87%), and gross energy (4,377 kcal/kg). The phytochemical composition of C. vulgaris included alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, glycosides, tannins, triterpenes, and phenols in amounts of 71.6, 50.9, 62.4, 57.5, 23.17, 47.2, and 90.9 g/mg.…”

“…The phytochemical composition of C. vulgaris included alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, glycosides, tannins, triterpenes, and phenols in amounts of 71.6, 50.9, 62.4, 57.5, 23.17, 47.2, and 90.9 g/mg. Thangaraj et al 26,27 As a result, it demonstrated anti-inflammatory and pro-healing characteristics, as demonstrated by evidence of wound healing acceleration 28 and anticancer activity. [29][30][31] Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is one of the most potent and common profibrogenic cytokine, and its expression increases in practically all fibrotic disorders and experimental fibrosis models.…”