Phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. extracts

Abstract

Phaleria macrocarpa, commonly known as Mahkota dewa is a medicinal plant that is indigenous to Indonesia and Malaysia. Extracts of P. macrocarpa have been used since years in traditional medicine that are evaluated scientifically as well. The extracts are reported for a number of valuable medicinal properties such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant and vasorelaxant effect. The constituents isolated from different parts of P. macrocarpa include Phalerin, gallic acid, Icaricide C, magniferin, mahkoside A, dodecanoic acid, palmitic acid, des-acetylflavicordin-A, flavicordin-A, flavicordin-D, flavicordin-A glucoside, ethyl stearate, lignans, alkaloids andsaponins. The present review is an up-to-date summary of occurrence, botanical description, ethnopharmacology, bioactivity and toxicological studies related to P. macrocarpa.

The ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff). Boerl.

“…Previous cytotoxic study on the fruits of P. macrocarpa reported the non-toxic effect of the ethanol extract from the seeds and fruits flesh towards human mononuclear peripheral normal cell but slightly toxic to the vero cell line. The extract also did not increase p53 and decrease bcl-2 gene expression that suggested the mechanism of dying cell was caused by necrosis and not by apoptosis (Altaf R et al, 2013). Bioactivity study of irradiated P. macrocarpa leaves showed that the nhexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts exhibited strong cytotoxic effect against the mouse leukaemia L1210 cell line with IC 50 values of 12.4 10.3 and 24.1 µg/ml, respectively (Katrin et al, 2011).…”

“…Study on cytotoxic activity of phalerin (1) from the methanolic extract of P. macrocarpa leaves was investigated against the myeloma cell line (NS-1). Phalerin (1) was non-toxic towards NS-1 cell line (IC 50 83µg/ml) (Altaf et al, 2013). Two benzophenone glucosides, mahkoside A (4) and mahkoside B (5) were found to have low cytotoxic effect towards several human cancer cell lines including the prostate cancer cell line (PC-3), stomach cancer cell line (MGC-803) and esophageal cancer cell lines (EC109 and EC9706), with IC 50 values exceeding 100 µM/L (Zhang et al, 2012).…”

“…The studies resulted in the isolation of several classes of compounds such as benzophenones, terpenoids, xanthones, lignans, acids and sugars. Chemical investigation on the fruits, leaves and bark of P. macrocarpa afforded eight benzophenone derivatives, identified as phalerin (1) (Altaf et al, 2013;Oshimi et al, 2008), isophalerin A (2), isophalerin B (3) (Susilawati, 2012), Mahkoside A (4) (Zhang et al, 2006), Mahkoside B (5) (Zhang et al, 2012), 6,4'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-2-O-α-D-glucopyranoside (6) (Tambunan and Simanjutak, 2006), 6,4'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7) (Susilawati, 2012;Winarno and Katrin, 2009) and 2,6,4'-trihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (8) (Simanjutak, 2008;Susilawati et al, 2011). Several triterpenoids derivatives known as icariside C3 (9) (Oshimi et al, 2008), phalerielide (10) (Susilawati, 2012), β-sitosterol (11), stigmasterol (12) and cyloargetanol (13) (Simanjutak, 2008) were successfully isolated from the fruits of P. macrocarpa.…”

“…The pit is round, white and poisonous (Fig. 1C) (Altaf et al, 2013;Hendra et al, 2011;Saufi, 2007) Traditional usage of various parts of P. macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.…”

Development of <em>Phaleria macrocarpa</em> (Scheff.) Boerl Fruits Using Response Surface Methodology On Phenolic, Flavonoid and Antioxidants Properties

“…The stems are used to treat bone cancer; the egg shells of the seeds are used to antidote the breast cancer, cervix cancer, lung disease and heart disease, meanwhile leaves consist of constituents that treat impotence, allergies, blood disease and tumors (Hending W et al 2009). Regarding on beneficial of this plant, it had been reported P.macrocarpa has medicinal activities such as anti-tumor, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-inflammation, anti-diarrhoel, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and vasodilator effect (Altaf et al 2013). Moreover, the major bioactive components that can be found are alkaloid, flavonoid, lignin, saponin, terpenoid and polyphenol ).…”