Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: A Sustainable Green Solution for Clean Environment

Abstract

Contamination of aquatic ecosystems by various sources has become a major worry all over the world. Pollutants can enter the human body through the food chain from aquatic and soil habitats. These pollutants can cause various chronic diseases in humans and mortality if they collect in the body over an extended period. Although the phytoremediation technique cannot completely remove harmful materials, it is an environmentally benign, cost-effective, and natural process that has no negative effects on the environment. The main types of phytoremediation, their mechanisms, and strategies to raise the remediation rate and the use of genetically altered plants, phytoremediation plant prospects, economics, and usable plants are reviewed in this review. Several factors influence the phytoremediation process, including types of contaminants, pollutant characteristics, and plant species selection, climate considerations, flooding and aging, the effect of salt, soil parameters, and redox potential. Phytoremediation’s environmental and economic efficiency, use, and relevance are depicted in our work. Multiple recent breakthroughs in phytoremediation technologies are also mentioned in this review.

Pollution level of trace metals (As, Pb, Cr and Cd) in the sediment of Rupsha River, Bangladesh: Assessment of ecological and human health risks

“…Because of the toxicity and persistence in the environment, heavy metal pollution has become a global, regional, and local concern (Ahmed et al, 2020;Khan et al, 2020;Babu et al, 2021;Kumar et al, 2021;Ali et al, 2022). The aquatic ecology is effected by the various toxic trace metals as most of them are long-persistent, bio-accumulative character and non-biodegradable in nature (Bhuyan et al, 2017;Ali et al, 2018;Bhuyan et al, 2019).…”

“…Metal contamination has become a major problem in many rapidly developing countries (Ali et al, 2016;Bhuyan et al, 2019;Jolly et al, 2021;Rahman et al, 2021). Especially, in developing country people like Bangladesh, human healths are suffering from various diseases due to the contact of the toxic metals (Islam et al, 2016;Rehman et al, 2018).…”

Thinking for the future: Phytoextraction of cadmium using primed plants for sustainable soil clean‐up

“…Among all the chelating agents, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) has been the most used agent for this type of so‐called induced phytoextraction because of its high efficiency for the extraction of many different metals. However, EDTA and EDTA‐metal complexes can be toxic to plants and soil microorganisms and can also persist in the environment due to their low level of biodegradability (Babu et al, 2021). The application of EDTA may pose potential risks for water pollution (Lu et al, 2021) through the uncontrolled solubilization and migration of metals (Figure 2).…”

existence of a healthy environmental protection law and state responsibilities in Indonesia

“…Especially if people do not try to keep it clean, an unclean environment is the best place for mosquitoes to nest. Not to mention the various bacteria that live in it (Babu et al, 2021).…”