Pictorial depth cues: a new slant

Zimmerman, George L.; Legge, Gordon E.; Cavanagh, Patrick

doi:10.1364/josaa.12.000017

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The observers in our Experiment 2 also exhibited underestimation when they judged the surface slants by using magnitude estimation (see Figure 8). The accurate judgments that were obtained in Experiment 1 (see Figure 3) for the three natural texture types (marble, granite, and pebbles) are therefore interesting, because accuracy in slant estimation has rarely been demonstrated in prior research (see, however, the results of Zimmerman, Legge, & Cavanagh, 1995). The results of Experiment 3 suggest that accommodative blur contributes to the perception of slant; when it was removed from the observers' retinal images, their perception of the surface slant decreased (see Figure 11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Aging and the perception of slant from optical texture, motion parallax, and binocular disparity

Norman

Crabtree

Bartholomew

et al. 2009

Perception & Psychophysics

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Aging and the perception of slant from optical texture, motion parallax, and binocular disparity

Norman

Crabtree

Bartholomew

et al. 2009

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…A body of evidence suggests that our visual system does this and that we assume that trapezoidal distortions are due to rotations in depth [41], [42], [43], [44], [45]. We are most familiar with this assumption when viewing the Ames Window (or trapezoid illusion: a frontoparallel trapezoid is interpreted as a rectangle in depth [46]), where the 3-D rectangle assumption causes the perception of non-rigid rotations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning to Use Illumination Gradients as an Unambiguous Cue to Three Dimensional Shape

2012

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The luminance and colour gradients across an image are the result of complex interactions between object shape, material and illumination. Using such variations to infer object shape or surface colour is therefore a difficult problem for the visual system. We know that changes to the shape of an object can affect its perceived colour, and that shading gradients confer a sense of shape. Here we investigate if the visual system is able to effectively utilise these gradients as a cue to shape perception, even when additional cues are not available. We tested shape perception of a folded card object that contained illumination gradients in the form of shading and more subtle effects such as inter-reflections. Our results suggest that observers are able to use the gradients to make consistent shape judgements. In order to do this, observers must be given the opportunity to learn suitable assumptions about the lighting and scene. Using a variety of different training conditions, we demonstrate that learning can occur quickly and requires only coarse information. We also establish that learning does not deliver a trivial mapping between gradient and shape; rather learning leads to the acquisition of assumptions about lighting and scene parameters that subsequently allow for gradients to be used as a shape cue. The perceived shape is shown to be consistent for convex and concave versions of the object that exhibit very different shading, and also similar to that delivered by outline, a largely unrelated cue to shape. Overall our results indicate that, although gradients are less reliable than some other cues, the relationship between gradients and shape can be quickly assessed and the gradients therefore used effectively as a visual shape cue.

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“…The various 3D surface cues such as luminance shading, linear perspective, aspect ratio of square objects, and texture gradient can each specify the slant of a planar surface. Zimmerman, Legge, and Cavanagh (1995), for example, performed experiments to measure the accuracy of surface slant from judgments of the relative lengths of a pair of orthogonal lines embedded in one surface of a full visual scene. Slant judgments were accurate to within 38 for all three cue types, with no evidence of the recession to the frontal plane expected if the pictorial surface was contaminating the estimations.…”

Section: Surfaces As a Mid-level Invariant In Visual Encodingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth spreading through empty space induced by sparse disparity cues

Li¹,

Huang²,

Altschuler³

et al. 2013

Journal of Vision

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A key goal of visual processing is to develop an understanding of the three-dimensional layout of the objects in our immediate vicinity from the variety of incomplete and noisy depth cues available to the eyes. Binocular disparity is one of the dominant depth cues, but it is often sparse, being definable only at the edges of uniform surface regions, and visually resolvable only where the edges have a horizontal disparity component. To understand the full 3D structure of visual objects, our visual system has to perform substantial surface interpolation across unstructured visual space. This interpolation process was studied in an eight-spoke depth spreading configuration corresponding to that used in the neon color spreading effect, which generates a strong percept of a sharp contour extending through empty space from the disparity edges within the spokes. Four hypotheses were developed for the form of the depth surface induced by disparity in the spokes defining an incomplete disk in depth: low-level local (isotropic) depth propagation, mid-level linear (anisotropic) depth-contour interpolation or extrapolation, and high-level (anisotropic) figural depth propagation of a disk figure in depth. Data for both perceived depth and position of the perceived contour clearly rejected the first three hypotheses and were consistent with the high-level figural hypothesis in both uniform disparity and slanted disk configurations. We conclude that depth spreading through empty visual space is an accurately quantifiable perceptual process that propagates depth contours anisotropically along their length and is governed by high-level figural properties of 3D object structure.

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Pictorial depth cues: a new slant

Cited by 24 publications

References 14 publications

Aging and the perception of slant from optical texture, motion parallax, and binocular disparity

Aging and the perception of slant from optical texture, motion parallax, and binocular disparity

Learning to Use Illumination Gradients as an Unambiguous Cue to Three Dimensional Shape

Depth spreading through empty space induced by sparse disparity cues

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