Piled rafts in overconsolidated clay: comparison ofin situmeasurements and numerical analyses

Development of optimum design from static response of pile–raft interaction

“…Reul and Randolph [27] described a reliable representation of soil systems, wherein the soil was modeled via the Abaqus program as a multiphase medium composed of solid, liquid, and gaseous phases. Associated and nonassociated flow rules were included in the constitutive equations to model the plastic behavior of soil.…”

“…However, it is difficult to model the relative displacement between pile and soil using this method. Other existing solutions for piled raft systems have been reported by Hooper [28], Reul and Randolph [27], de Sanctis and Mandolini [29], and Lee et al [30], among others.…”

“…Reul and Randolph [27] used the Abaqus FE program to analyze piled raft foundations in over-consolidated Frankfurt clay. The interfaces between the raft and soil, and between the pile and soil, were modeled by rough, but thin solid continuum elements.…”

“…The core area comprises 25 % of the total raft area. This configuration was based on the design of tall buildings, which contain stiff structural elements (e.g., elevator shafts and stairways) in the center of their foundations, and columns at the edges to support the facade [27]. Using piles below the columns allows the use of thinner rafts in conjunction with piles.…”

Time-settlement behaviour of piled raft foundations using infinite elements

“…For example Reul and Randolph [9] have used finite element methods to back-analyse three different piled raft foundations for which field measurements were available, Zhang and Small [15] and Small and Zhang [12] have presented a finite layer method for analysis of vertical and horizontal load on piled rafts, Kitiyodom et al [6] have used a combined numerical and analytical method for analysis of piled rafts subjected to ground movements due to tunnelling, and Katzenbach et al [5] have used non-linear finite element analysis for prediction of pile loads and settlement behaviour of the Commerzbank in Frankfurt. Many other examples are given by Franke et al (chapter 12) and Poulos (chapter 16) in the book edited by Hemsley [3].…”