Piper betel Compounds Piperidine, Eugenyl Acetate, and Chlorogenic Acid Are Broad-Spectrum Anti-Vibrio Compounds that Are Also Effective on MDR Strains of the Pathogen

Abstract

The natural population of the aquatic environment supports a diverse aquatic biota and a robust seafood industry. However, this environment also provides an appropriate niche for the growth of pathogenic bacteria that cause problems for human health. For example, species of the genus Vibrio inhabit marine and estuarine environments. This genus includes species that are pathogenic to aquaculture, invertebrates, and humans. In humans, they can cause prominent diseases like gastroenteritis, wound infections, and septicemia. The increased number of multidrug resistant (MDR) Vibrio strains has drawn the attention of the scientific community to develop new broad-spectrum antibiotics. Hence, in this paper we report the bactericidal effects of compounds derived from Piper betel plants: piperidine, chlorogenic acid, and eugenyl acetate, against various strains of Vibrio species. The different MIC90 values were approximately in a range of 2–6 mg/mL, 5–16 mg/mL, 5–20 mg/mL, and 30–80 mg/mL, for piperidine, chlorogenic acid, and eugenyl acetate, respectively. Piperidine showed the best anti-Vibrio effect against the five Vibrio species tested. Interestingly, combinations of sub-inhibitory concentrations of piperidine, chlorogenic acid, and eugenyl acetate showed inhibitory effects in the Vibrio strains. Furthermore, these compounds showed synergism or partial synergism effects against MDR strains of the Vibrio species when they were incubated with antibiotics (ampicillin and chloramphenicol).

Potential Antimicrobial Properties of Coffee Beans and Coffee By-Products Against Drug-Resistant Vibrio cholerae

“…The phytochemical profiles of the extracts tend to vary considerably in terms of CGA and CA content, but not in terms of caffeine. It should be noted that CGA, which has potential anti-MDR V. cholerae activity ( 22 – 24 ), was found in the most abundant phenolic compounds in the CP extract, which is consistent with previous findings ( 70 – 72 ). The productivity, chemical composition, and biological activity of coffee extract are all known to be influenced by the brewing process ( 73 ).…”

“…The usefulness of determining the major active components against this bacterium led to a time-killing kinetics study, which revealed that CA had bactericidal activity against V. cholerae within 1 h of exposure. This is unexpected, because a previous study found that CGA from Piper betel plants had antimicrobial activity against MDR V. cholerae at a concentration of the MIC value of 5.5 ± 0.5 mg/mL ( 22 ).…”

“…( 17 ), procyanidins from hop ( Humulus lupulus ) ( 18 ), oil (diallyl sulfides) from elephant garlic ( Allium ampeloprasum ) ( 19 ), and capsaicin from red chili ( Capsicum annum ) ( 20 , 21 ). Piperidine, chlorogenic acid (CGA), and eugenyl acetate derived from Piper betel have also been shown to be equally effective against MDR strains of V. cholerae ( 22 – 24 ). Carvacrol, a major essential oil fraction of Oregano ( Origanum vulgare ), inhibited the virulence of V. cholerae by inhibiting mucin penetration, adhesion, and the expression of virulence-associated genes ( tcpA, ctxB, hlyA , and toxT ), resulting in reduced fluid accumulation ( 25 ).…”

Natural products as antivibrio agents: insight into the chemistry and biological activity

“…9). 114 Punicalagin (91) from pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) was reported against V. anguillarum at MIC 25 mg mL −1 .…”

Betelvine (Piper betle L.): A potential source for oral care

“…Another active phenolic compound widely found in natural food substances including betelvine is Chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid is also endowed with broad spectrum antimicrobial efficacy [80], including those micro-organisms that are found during early dental plaque formation, such as S. mutans [81].…”