Planar waveguides prepared by K⁺–Na⁺ field-assisted ion exchange in different types of silicate glass

Abstract

The goal of this work was to address the technological problems associated with waveguide preparation by thermal- and electric-field–assisted K+–Na+ ion exchange in two types of soda-lime glass: common FTD and special pure GIL49. The number of modes, depth, profile, and the change in refractive index were measured for waveguides prepared at temperatures between 250 and 410 °C and electric-field values between 0 and 50 V/mm. Although the influence of some admixture content inside the glass was relatively high, all of these parameters were controlled accurately and repeatedly by the electric field.

Silver and gold doping of SiO2 glass by solid-state field-assisted diffusion

“…Techniques involving ion diffusion for the glass modification, in particular the ion exchange, are exploited in the preparation of various systems, ranging from optical waveguides [1][2][3][4][5] to non-linear optical nanocomposite materials [6][7][8][9][10]. Much work has been done with this technique in the case of the diffusion of monovalent ions into soda-lime and borosilicate glasses [11][12][13][14][15], where the dopant ions replace alkali ions of the glass matrix.…”

Maxwell–Wagner effect and second harmonic generation in gradient structures

“…We used 1 mm thick Menzel glass microscope slides with composition (in wt.%) C. We estimated the penetration depth of K + ions at their half-maximum concentration level around 6-8 µm from known experimental data 20,24 and from the fact that the depth scales on time as approximately t 1/2 at fixed temperature. The total depth, where K + is noticeably above zero, should not exceed 15-20 µm.…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, such studies have not yet been carried out, and the only similar research that was devoted to the effect of secondary application of DC voltage to thermally poled glasses was of Reshetov et al 18 In this paper, we demonstrate the results on the SH generation due to room temperature Maxwell-Wagner polarization of a gradient structure formed via potassiumto-sodium ion-exchange in a soda-lime glass. Such ionexchange processing is used to form optical waveguides by increasing the refractive index 19,20 and to strengthen glasses due to arising mechanical stresses. 21,22…”

“…In this paper, we demonstrate the results on the SH generation due to room temperature Maxwell–Wagner polarization of a gradient structure formed via potassium‐to‐sodium ion‐exchange in a soda‐lime glass. Such ion‐exchange processing is used to form optical waveguides by increasing the refractive index 19,20 and to strengthen glasses due to arising mechanical stresses 21,22 …”

Optical waveguides prepared by ion exchange technique

“…Ion exchange in the presence of an electric field enables a considerably higher control of both the geometrical and optical waveguide parameters than does pure thermal ion exchange. Therefore, in the next case, the variability of waveguide parameters was extended using electric field-assisted ion exchange [5][6][7]. The apparatus for ion exchange process under an electric field was specifically developed.…”